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An Eye Tracking Investigation of Pain Decoding Based on Older and Younger Adults’ Facial Expressions
Journal of Nonverbal Behavior ( IF 4.019 ) Pub Date : 2020-10-11 , DOI: 10.1007/s10919-020-00344-0
Rhonda J. N. Stopyn , Thomas Hadjistavropoulos , Jeff Loucks

Nonverbal pain cues such as facial expressions, are useful in the systematic assessment of pain in people with dementia who have severe limitations in their ability to communicate. Nonetheless, the extent to which observers rely on specific pain-related facial responses (e.g., eye movements, frowning) when judging pain remains unclear. Observers viewed three types of videos of patients expressing pain (younger patients, older patients without dementia, older patients with dementia) while wearing an eye tracker device that recorded their viewing behaviors. They provided pain ratings for each patient in the videos. These observers assigned higher pain ratings to older adults compared to younger adults and the highest pain ratings to patients with dementia. Pain ratings assigned to younger adults showed greater correspondence to objectively coded facial reactions compared to older adults. The correspondence of observer ratings was not affected by the cognitive status of target patients as there were no differences between the ratings assigned to older adults with and without dementia. Observers’ percentage of total dwell time (amount of time that an observer glances or fixates within a defined visual area of interest) across specific facial areas did not predict the correspondence of observers’ pain ratings to objective coding of facial responses. Our results demonstrate that patient characteristics such as age and cognitive status impact the pain decoding process by observers when viewing facial expressions of pain in others.



中文翻译:

基于老年人和年轻人面部表情的疼痛解码的眼动追踪研究

非语言性疼痛提示(例如面部表情)可用于系统评估交流能力严重受限的痴呆症患者的疼痛。但是,在判断疼痛时,观察者在多大程度上依赖与疼痛相关的特定面部反应(例如,眼球运动,皱眉)仍然不清楚。观察者在佩戴记录了他们观看行为的眼动仪的同时,观看了三种类型的患者疼痛视频(年轻患者,无痴呆的老年患者,老年痴呆的患者)。他们在视频中为每位患者提供了疼痛等级。与年轻成年人相比,这些观察者对老年人的疼痛评级较高,对痴呆症患者的疼痛评级最高。与老年人相比,分配给年轻人的疼痛等级显示出与客观编码的面部反应更大的对应性。观察者评分的对应关系不受目标患者认知状态的影响,因为分配给患有和不患有痴呆的老年人的评分之间没有差异。观察者在特定面部区域的总停留时间百分比(观察者瞥视或固定在感兴趣的定义视觉区域内的时间量)无法预测观察者的疼痛等级与面部反应的客观编码之间的对应关系。我们的结果表明,当观察他人的面部表情时,观察者的年龄和认知状态等特征会影响观察者的疼痛解码过程。观察者评分的对应关系不受目标患者认知状态的影响,因为分配给患有和不患有痴呆的老年人的评分之间没有差异。观察者在特定面部区域的总停留时间百分比(观察者瞥视或固定在感兴趣的定义视觉区域内的时间量)无法预测观察者的疼痛等级与面部反应的客观编码之间的对应关系。我们的结果证明,当观察他人的面部表情时,观察者的年龄和认知状态等特征会影响观察者的疼痛解码过程。观察者评分的对应关系不受目标患者认知状态的影响,因为分配给患有和不患有痴呆的老年人的评分之间没有差异。观察者在特定面部区域的总停留时间百分比(观察者扫视或固定在感兴趣的定义视觉区域内的时间量)不能预测观察者的疼痛等级与面部反应的客观编码的对应关系。我们的结果表明,当观察他人的面部表情时,观察者的年龄和认知状态等特征会影响观察者的疼痛解码过程。观察者在特定面部区域的总停留时间百分比(观察者瞥视或固定在感兴趣的定义视觉区域内的时间量)无法预测观察者的疼痛等级与面部反应的客观编码之间的对应关系。我们的结果表明,当观察他人的面部表情时,观察者的年龄和认知状态等特征会影响观察者的疼痛解码过程。观察者在特定面部区域的总停留时间百分比(观察者瞥视或固定在感兴趣的定义视觉区域内的时间量)无法预测观察者的疼痛等级与面部反应的客观编码之间的对应关系。我们的结果表明,当观察他人的面部表情时,观察者的年龄和认知状态等特征会影响观察者的疼痛解码过程。

更新日期:2020-10-11
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