This paper studies the convergence of self-employment by gender in the European Union, through tests for the order of integration and cluster analysis, in order to investigate the occurrence of two types of convergence: between genders and among European countries. The paper makes two contributions to the literature: (1) theoretically, it provides useful insights into the macroeconomic determinants of self-employment; (2) methodologically, it uses unit roots, fractional integration and cluster analysis to assess convergence. The empirical results point at mixed evidence of convergence, but with clear differences between the core and the periphery of Europe.

中文翻译：

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欧盟按性别划分的自营职业：融合和集群

本文通过对整合顺序和聚类分析的检验，研究了欧盟按性别划分的自谋职业的趋同，以调查两种趋同的发生：性别之间和欧洲国家之间的趋同。本文对文献做出了两点贡献：（1）从理论上讲，它为自营职业的宏观经济决定因素提供了有用的见识；（2）从方法上讲，它使用单位根，分数积分和聚类分析来评估收敛。实证结果指向融合的混合证据，但欧洲核心和外围国家之间存在明显差异。