Objective

This meta-analysis reviews robot design features of interface, controller, and appearance and statistically summarizes their effect on successful human–robot interaction (HRI) at work (that is, task performance, cooperation, satisfaction, acceptance, trust, mental workload, and situation awareness).

Background

Robots are becoming an integral part of many workplaces. As interactions with employees increase, ensuring success becomes ever more vital. Even though many studies investigated robot design features, an overview on general and specific effects is missing.

Method

Systematic selection of literature and structured coding led to 81 included experimental studies containing 380 effect sizes. Mean effects were calculated using a three-level meta-analysis to handle dependencies of multiple effect sizes in one study.

Results

Sufficient feedback through the interface, clear visibility of affordances, and adaptability and autonomy of the controller significantly affect successful HRI, whereas appearance does not. The features of the interface and controller affect performance and satisfaction but do not affect situation awareness and trust. Specific effects of adaptability on cooperation and acceptance, as well as autonomy on mental workload, could be shown.

Conclusion

Robot design at work needs to cover multiple features of interface and controller to achieve successful HRI that covers not only performance and satisfaction, but also cooperation, acceptance, and mental workload. More empirical research is needed to investigate mediating mechanisms and underrepresented design features’ effects.

Application

Robot designers should carefully choose design features to balance specific effects and implementation costs with regard to tasks, work design aims, and employee needs in the specific work context.

中文翻译：

---

让我们一起工作：对在工作中实现成功的人机交互的机器人设计特征的元分析

客观的

该元分析回顾了界面、控制器和外观的机器人设计特征，并统计总结了它们对工作中成功的人机交互 (HRI) 的影响（即任务绩效、合作、满意度、接受度、信任、心理工作量和态势感知）。

背景

机器人正在成为许多工作场所不可或缺的一部分。随着与员工互动的增加，确保成功变得越来越重要。尽管许多研究调查了机器人设计特征，但缺少对一般和特定影响的概述。

方法

文献的系统选择和结构化编码导致 81 项包含 380 个效应大小的实验研究。使用三级荟萃分析计算平均效应，以处理一项研究中多个效应大小的依赖性。

结果

通过界面提供的充分反馈、可供性的清晰可见性以及控制器的适应性和自主性会显着影响 HRI 的成功，而外观则不会。接口和控制器的特性会影响性能和满意度，但不会影响态势感知和信任。可以显示适应性对合作和接受的具体影响，以及对心理工作量的自主性。

结论

工作中的机器人设计需要涵盖界面和控制器的多个功能，以实现成功的 HRI，不仅包括性能和满意度，还包括合作、接受和心理工作量。需要更多的实证研究来调查中介机制和代表性不足的设计特征的影响。

应用

机器人设计人员应谨慎选择设计特征，以平衡特定工作环境中任务、工作设计目标和员工需求的特定效果和实施成本。