This study deals with speech acts addressed to Hadza infants in Tanzania, a group that has traditionally lived off hunting and gathering. Three research questions are addressed: How do Hadza speech acts compare with those found in previous studies in other cultures? Are there differences between child and adult speakers? And do speech acts differ with camp livelihood patterns? Speech acts are seen as a part of language socialization, which reflects overarching cultural values and socialization goals. The results indicate that Hadza infants experience many requests for action/imperatives—a way of expressing hierarchies—more than the infants in the comparative cultural communities, in spite of the fact that hunter–gatherers have been described as egalitarian in the past. Children’s and adults’ speech acts differ in several ways: adults use more requests for action and information (questions) with infants, while children use more assertives. Finally, the comparison of camp livelihoods revealed differences mainly between camps living off tourism and those that are more isolated from outside influence. The former use more imperatives, the latter more vocatives. The results are discussed in terms of cultural change toward more hierarchical structure related to livelihood activities, particularly tourism, and different activities that children and adults engage in when interacting with infants.

这项研究涉及针对坦桑尼亚哈德扎（Hadza）婴儿的言语行为，该群体传统上是靠狩猎和采集为生的。解决了三个研究问题：Hadza言语行为与先前在其他文化中的研究相比如何？儿童和成人之间有区别吗？言语行为是否与营地生计模式不同？言语行为被视为语言社会化的一部分，反映了总体文化价值和社会化目标。结果表明，尽管过去有猎人-采集者被描述为平等主义者，但Hadza婴儿经历了许多要求采取行动/命令的要求（一种表达等级制度的方式），而不是比较文化社区的婴儿。儿童和成人的言语行为在以下几个方面有所不同：成人对婴儿使用更多的行动和信息（问题）的请求，而儿童则使用更多的主张。最后，对营地生计的比较表明，主要依靠旅游业生活的营地与那些更不受外界影响的营地之间存在差异。前者使用更多的命令，后者使用更多的命令。讨论的结果是从文化转变为与生计活动（尤其是旅游业）以及儿童和成人与婴儿互动时所从事的不同活动相关的更加分层的结构。后者更多。讨论的结果是从文化转变为与生计活动（尤其是旅游业）以及儿童和成人与婴儿互动时所从事的不同活动相关的更加分层的结构。后者更多。讨论的结果是从文化转变为与生计活动（尤其是旅游业）以及儿童和成人与婴儿互动时所从事的不同活动相关的更加分层的结构。