This research analyzed adequacy of referential expressions in the narratives of bilingual and monolingual children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) and typical language development (TLD), aiming to shed light on the relative contribution of morpho-syntactic, discourse-pragmatic, and semantic constraints. Narratives were collected from 51 children using a storytelling procedure (MAIN – Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives). Participants were 18 bilingual Russian-Hebrew preschool children (8 with DLD), 17 monolingual Russian speakers (9 with DLD), and 16 monolingual Hebrew speakers (5 with DLD) aged 5;6–6;7. Referential expressions were coded for form (noun phrase [NP] or pronoun) and character function (Introduction or Maintenance). Analyses addressed the effects of proficiency group (TLD/DLD), language group (bilingual/monolingual), and language (Russian/Hebrew) on inadequate pronoun use and definiteness. Results demonstrated that children in all groups introduced characters using NPs. Children with DLD used more morpho-syntactically inadequate pronouns, such as incorrect gender, while both children with DLD and those with TLD used similar numbers of discourse-pragmatically inadequate pronouns. Bilinguals used more morpho-syntactically inadequate pronouns than monolinguals. In Hebrew, bilingual children with DLD omitted definite articles for character Maintenance more frequently than bilingual children with TLD and monolingual Hebrew-speaking children with DLD. Wrong gender assignment indicates that children with DLD have difficulties with morpho-syntactic constraints. Omission of definite articles for character Maintenance indicates a possibility of both morpho-syntactic and semantic difficulties that bilingual children with DLD acquiring Hebrew face. The results offer insight into the nature of the difficulty observed in bilingual children with DLD in using referential expressions.

这项研究分析了具有发展性语言障碍（DLD）和典型语言发展（TLD）的双语和单语儿童的叙述中的指称表达的适当性，旨在阐明形态句法，语篇语用和语义约束的相对贡献。使用讲故事程序（MAIN-叙事多语种评估工具）从51名儿童中收集了叙事）。参加者为18岁的俄语；希伯来语双语学龄前儿童（8名DLD）；俄语（希伯来语）为17名（5名DLD）； 17名俄语（希伯来语为5名）（5; 6-6; 7）。引用表达式被编码为形式（名词短语[NP]或代词）和字符功能（简介或维护）。分析解决了熟练组（TLD / DLD），语言组（双语/单语）和语言（俄语/希伯来语）对代词使用和确定性不足的影响。结果表明，所有组中的儿童都使用NP引入了角色。患有DLD的儿童使用了更多的句法语法上不适当的代词，例如性别不正确，而患有DLD的儿童和患有TLD的儿童都使用了数量相近的语用语用不足的代词。双语者比单语者使用更多的形态-句法不足的代词。在希伯来语中，具有DLD的双语儿童比具有TLD的双语儿童和具有DLD的讲希伯来语的单语儿童更频繁地省略确定的性格维护条款。错误的性别分配表明，患有DLD的儿童在句法语法上有困难。缺少用于性格维护的定冠词表明，患有DLD的双语儿童获得希伯来语面孔时可能同时存在句法-句法和语义上的困难。结果提供了洞察力的双语双语儿童在使用引用表达式中观察到的困难的性质。拥有DLD的双语儿童比拥有TLD的双语儿童和具有DLD的讲希伯来语的单语儿童更频繁地省略确定的品格条款。错误的性别分配表明，患有DLD的儿童在句法语法上有困难。缺少用于性格维护的定冠词表明，患有DLD的双语儿童获得希伯来语面孔时可能同时存在句法-句法和语义上的困难。结果提供了洞察力，在双语儿童DLD中使用参考表达时观察到的困难的性质。拥有DLD的双语儿童比拥有TLD的双语儿童和具有DLD的讲希伯来语的单语儿童更频繁地省略确定的品格条款。错误的性别分配表明，患有DLD的儿童在句法语法上有困难。缺少用于性格维护的定冠词表明，患有DLD的双语儿童获得希伯来语面孔时可能同时存在句法-句法和语义上的困难。结果提供了洞察力的双语双语儿童在使用引用表达式中观察到的困难的性质。缺少用于性格维护的定冠词表明，患有DLD的双语儿童获得希伯来语面孔时可能存在句法-句法和语义上的困难。结果提供了洞察力的双语双语儿童在使用引用表达式中观察到的困难的性质。缺少用于性格维护的定冠词表明，患有DLD的双语儿童获得希伯来语面孔时可能同时存在句法-句法和语义上的困难。结果提供了洞察力的双语双语儿童在使用引用表达式中观察到的困难的性质。