Using piecewise growth curve trajectory modeling, we investigated kindergartners' physiological responses to receiving critical feedback from an adult during a laboratory drawing task. Further, we tested how children's independent self-regulated behavior, as well as the quality of parent-child co-regulation, related to physiological reactivity to and recovery from this challenge. We used respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) to measure parasympathetic nervous system activity. Participants were 96 children (M_age = 5.6 years, 56% female) and their parents. We used observer ratings to capture children's self-regulated behavior during the laboratory visit and state-space grid methodology (an innovative, moment-to-moment behavioral coding method) to index observed parent-child positive co-regulation during four interaction tasks. First, the quality of dyadic parent-child co-regulation was associated significantly with children's RSA reactivity during the dyadic experience of receiving critical feedback from an adult. Specifically, children with higher levels of positive parent-child co-regulation exhibited decreases in RSA while receiving critical feedback, which may indicate active engagement or coping with the challenging situation. Second, children's self-regulated behavior was associated significantly with RSA recovery during a period immediately after the task ended, when children were seated alone. Children with lower levels of observed self-regulated behavior showed sudden RSA decrease after the critical feedback ceased, suggesting that this post-task period was physiologically challenging for them.

中文翻译：

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自我调节行为和亲子共同调节与幼儿对接受关键成人反馈的生理反应有关

我们使用分段生长曲线轨迹建模，研究了幼儿园儿童在实验室绘图任务中接收来自成人的关键反馈的生理反应。此外，我们测试了儿童的独立自我调节行为以及亲子共同调节的质量与对这一挑战的生理反应和恢复之间的关系。我们使用呼吸性窦性心律失常 (RSA) 来测量副交感神经系统活动。参与者为 96 名儿童（M_岁 = 5.6 岁，56% 是女性）和他们的父母。我们使用观察者评级来捕捉实验室访问期间儿童的自我调节行为和状态空间网格方法（一种创新的、即时行为编码方法）来索引在四项互动任务中观察到的亲子积极协同调节。首先，在接受成人批评反馈的二元体验期间，二元亲子共同调节的质量与儿童的 RSA 反应性显着相关。具体而言，具有较高水平积极亲子共同调节的儿童在收到批评反馈时表现出 RSA 下降，这可能表明积极参与或应对具有挑战性的情况。二、儿童 在任务结束后的一段时间内，当孩子们独自坐着时，他们的自我调节行为与 RSA 的恢复显着相关。观察到的自我调节行为水平较低的儿童在批判性反馈停止后 RSA 突然下降，这表明这个任务后时期对他们来说是生理上的挑战。