This lab‐based longitudinal study examines whether parental structuring (i.e., encouragement, modeling, and praise) has effects on helping behavior across developmental time, across recipients or both. Based on behavioral data assessed at 12, 15, 18, 21, and 24 months (N = 38 dyads), the main findings are that, first, when analyzing the effects of parental structuring on toddlers' helping across developmental time (helping the parent 3 months later), we found a positive effect of modeling at 12 months and of praise at 15 months. Second, when analyzing the effect of parental structuring on toddlers' helping across recipients, there were positive cross‐sectional associations of both caregivers' encouragement and praise during parent–child interactions with helping the experimenter between 12 and 18 months. Third, when applying the strictest criterion, namely an effect of parental structuring that generalizes across both developmental time and recipients, we found that modeling at 18 months had an effect on toddlers' helping toward an experimenter at 21 months. Overall, this study demonstrates how important it is to explicate the assumptions under consideration when drawing conclusions about the socialization of early prosocial behavior. Together with recent studies, an emerging picture further consolidates, namely that parental encouragement, modeling, and praise contribute to prosocial development in important ways.

中文翻译：

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分担家务时的父母结构以及第二年的帮助发展

这项基于实验室的纵向研究检查了父母的结构（即鼓励，建模和称赞）是否对整个发育时间，受助者或两者的行为有所帮助。基于在12评估行为数据，15，18，21，和24个月（Ñ = 38 dyads），主要发现是，首先，当分析父母结构对幼儿在整个发育过程中的帮助（3个月后对父母的帮助）的影响时，我们发现在12个月时进行建模并获得赞誉的积极作用15个月 其次，在分析父母的结构对跨受者的幼儿帮助的影响时，在12-18个月的亲子互动过程中，照顾者的鼓励和称赞之间存在积极的正相关关系。第三，当采用最严格的标准时，即在整个发育时间和接受者中普遍存在的父母结构化的影响，我们发现在18个月时进行建模会影响幼儿在21个月时对实验者的帮助。全面的，这项研究表明，在得出有关早期亲社会行为的社会化结论时，阐明所考虑的假设是多么重要。与最近的研究一起，新出现的情况进一步巩固，即父母的鼓励，榜样和称赞以重要的方式促进亲社会的发展。