Shortly after Edward E. Leamer found that the Leontief Paradox was based on a simple conceptual misunderstanding in 1980, Richard A. Brecher and Ehsan U. Choudhri in their 1982 article argued that the fact that the United States exported labor services was, in itself, paradoxical because it is true if and only if its per capita consumption is less than the world average. Surprisingly, however, no formal answer to this paradox has been provided for nearly four decades. This paper revisits this paradox and formally shows that the paradox can be resolved if the Heckscher–Ohlin–Vanek model takes into account technology differences across countries and trade imbalance. In contrast, the paradox cannot be resolved even if the analysis takes into account quasi‐homothetic preferences, the Armington home bias, or offshoring.

中文翻译：

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列昂蒂夫悖论Redux

爱德华·E·利默（Edward E. Leamer）在1980年发现Leontief悖论是基于一个简单的概念性误解之后不久，理查德·布莱切（Richard A. Brecher）和埃桑·乔杜里（Ehsan U. Choudhri）在1982年的文章中就指出，美国出口劳务本身就是一个事实，这是自相矛盾的，因为只有当其人均消费量低于世界平均水平时，它才是正确的。然而，令人惊讶的是，近四十年来都没有对这一悖论提供正式的答案。本文重新审视了这一悖论，并正式表明，如果Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek模型考虑到各国之间的技术差异和贸易失衡，就可以解决该悖论。相反，即使分析考虑了准整体偏好，阿明顿家庭偏见或离岸外包，也无法解决这一悖论。