Decision theories have made a distinction between risk (i.e., known probabilities) and ambiguity (i.e., unknown probabilities). Prior work has examined the effect of competition and cooperation on risk-taking under risk. However, little is known about whether and how competition and cooperation affect risk-taking under ambiguity and the role of gender in this effect. The current study addresses this research gap. In the present study, a shortened version of a balloon analogue risk task was used to assess risk-taking under ambiguity. The participants completed this task in competition against a peer, in cooperation with a peer, or alone. The results showed that the participants took more risks in the competition and cooperation conditions than in the individual condition, but no differences were found between the competition and cooperation conditions. More important, gender modulated these effects. First, these effects were driven by males, but not by females. Second, males showed more risk-taking under ambiguity than females in the competitive situation, but not in the cooperative situation. Overall, this work contributes to understanding the effect of social interaction on risky decisions under ambiguity.

中文翻译：

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竞争与合作对模糊下风险承担的影响的性别差异

决策理论区分了风险（即已知概率）和模糊性（即未知概率）。先前的工作已经研究了竞争与合作对风险承担的影响。然而，关于竞争与合作是否以及如何影响模糊下的风险承担以及性别在这种影响中的作用，我们知之甚少。当前的研究解决了这一研究空白。在本研究中，使用气球模拟风险任务的简化版本来评估模棱两可的风险承担。参与者通过与同伴竞争、与同伴合作或单独完成这项任务。结果表明，参与者在竞争和合作条件下比在个人条件下承担了更多的风险，但在竞争和合作条件之间没有发现差异。更重要的是，性别调节了这些影响。首先，这些影响是由男性驱动的，而不是由女性驱动的。其次，在竞争情况下，男性比女性在模糊条件下表现出更多的风险承担，但在合作情况下则不然。总的来说，这项工作有助于理解社会互动对歧义下风险决策的影响。