Nonprofit leaders face the challenge of making decisions within a complex environment of heterogeneous and often competing stakeholder claims. In such a setting, leaders not only make judgments about the power of their organization's stakeholders but they also make conscious choices about which stakeholders they personally represent while making organizational decisions. This study uses insights from stakeholder theory and agency theory to investigate (1) how nonprofit leaders' perceptions of stakeholder power and stakeholder representation are interrelated across a wide range of stakeholder groups and organizations, and (2) how perceptions of power and representation differ between board members and executive managers. Drawing on data from 491 nonprofit leaders, we find evidence of stakeholder representation surpluses and deficits for several stakeholders, although perceptions of these deficits and surpluses differ considerably between board members and managers. Our study holds important implications for nonprofit governance, the practice of stakeholder analysis, and the use of stakeholder constructs in future empirical research.

中文翻译：

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以利益相关者的名义：非营利组织领导人对代表盈余和赤字的评估

非营利组织的领导者面临着在复杂的环境中做出决策的挑战，该环境具有异质性且经常相互竞争的利益相关者主张。在这种情况下，领导者不仅要对组织利益相关者的权力做出判断，而且在做出组织决策时，他们还会有意识地选择自己所代表的利益相关者。本研究使用利益相关者理论和代理理论的见解来调查 (1) 非营利组织领导者对利益相关者权力和利益相关者代表的看法如何在广泛的利益相关者群体和组织中相互关联，以及 (2) 对权力和代表的看法如何不同董事会成员和执行经理。利用来自 491 位非营利组织领导人的数据，我们发现了一些利益相关者的利益相关者代表盈余和赤字的证据，尽管董事会成员和经理对这些赤字和盈余的看法大不相同。我们的研究对非营利治理、利益相关者分析的实践以及利益相关者结构在未来实证研究中的使用具有重要意义。