The emergence of Farmers' Rights in international law is closely related to the “seed wars” at the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) during the 1980s. Recognizing the plant innovations of farmers everywhere, these rights represented a countervailing measure against increasing pressures to protect commercial plant breeders' rights around the world. Nearly three decades later, the intellectual property rights of plant breeders, internationally recognized and legally binding, are stronger than ever, while Farmers' Rights are facing increasing threats from the continuing spread of industrial agriculture and biotechnologies. The present article seeks to make two contributions: first, embedding the emergence of Farmers' Rights in a historical analysis, it conceptualizes them not simply as a new category of rights, but as a specific manifestation of the conflictual entwinement of capitalism and plant genetic resources fomented in the geopolitical context of the 20th century. Second, focusing on India and Brazil, it analyses the different manner in which the state in both has played a crucial role in restricting the real freedoms of traditional farmers. While farmers' “interests” are routinely preyed upon to justify various policies, their overall effect promises to deepen the ongoing process of farmers' dispossession and separation from their basic means of production: the seed.

中文翻译：

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从鹅身上偷走共同点：农民权利的出现及其在印度和巴西的实施

国际法中农民权利的出现与1980年代联合国粮食及农业组织（FAO）的“种子战争”密切相关。认识到世界各地农民的植物创新，这些权利是对付保护世界范围内商业植物育种者权利的压力增加的反措施。将近三十年后，国际公认且具有法律约束力的植物育种者的知识产权比以往任何时候都更加强大，而农民权利正面临着来自工业农业和生物技术的持续传播的越来越大的威胁。本文旨在做出两点贡献：首先，将农民权利的出现纳入历史分析中，不仅将农民的权利概念化为一种新的权利类别，但这是资本主义和植物遗传资源在20世纪地缘政治背景下相互纠缠的具体体现。其次，针对印度和巴西，它分析了两国在限制传统农民的真正自由方面起着关键作用的不同方式。尽管经常利用农民的“利益”来证明各种政策的合理性，但它们的总体效果有望加深正在进行的农民剥夺和从其基本生产资料（种子）中分离的过程。它分析了两国在限制传统农民的真正自由方面发挥关键作用的不同方式。尽管经常利用农民的“利益”来证明各种政策的合理性，但它们的总体效果有望加深正在进行的农民剥夺和从其基本生产资料（种子）中分离的过程。它分析了两国在限制传统农民的真正自由方面发挥关键作用的不同方式。尽管经常利用农民的“利益”来证明各种政策的合理性，但它们的总体效果有望加深正在进行的农民剥夺和从其基本生产资料（种子）中分离的过程。