Few studies have examined birth order effects on personality in countries that are not Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD). However, theories have generally suggested that interculturally universal family dynamics are the mechanism behind birth order effects, and prominent theories such as resource dilution would predict even stronger linear effects in poorer countries. Here, we examine a subset of up to 11 188 participants in the Indonesian Family Life Survey to investigate whether later‐borns differ from earlier‐borns in intelligence, educational attainment, Big Five, and risk aversion. Analyses were performed using within‐family designs in mixed‐effects models. In model comparisons, we tested for linear and non‐linear birth order effects as well as for possible interactions of birth order and sibship size. Our estimated effect sizes are consistent with the emerging account of birth order as having relatively little impact on intelligence, Big Five, and risk aversion. We found a non‐linear pattern for educational attainment that was not robust to imputation of missing data and not aligned with trends in WEIRD countries. Overall, the small birth order effects reported in other studies appear to be culturally specific. © 2020 The Authors. European Journal of Personality published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Association of Personality Psychology

中文翻译：

---

在印度尼西亚样本中分析出生顺序对智力，教育程度，五巨头和规避风险的影响

很少有研究在非西方，受过教育，工业化，富裕和民主的国家（WEIRD）研究出生顺序对人格的影响。但是，理论普遍认为，跨文化的普遍家庭动力学是出生顺序效应的背后机制，而资源稀释等著名理论将预测较贫穷国家的线性效应甚至更大。在这里，我们调查了印尼家庭生活调查中多达11 188名参与者的子集，以调查后辈在智力，教育程度，五岁以下儿童和风险规避方面是否与前辈不同。在混合效应模型中使用家庭内部设计进行分析。在模型比较中，我们测试了线性和非线性出生顺序影响以及出生顺序和同居关系大小的可能相互作用。我们估计的效应大小与新兴的出生顺序说明相符，因为它对智力，五巨头和规避风险的影响相对较小。我们发现教育程度的非线性模式对缺失数据的估算不可靠，也不符合WEIRD国家的趋势。总体而言，其他研究报告的较小的出生顺序影响似乎在文化上是特定的。©2020作者。John Wiley＆Sons Ltd代表欧洲人格心理学协会出版的《欧洲人格杂志》我们发现受教育程度的非线性模式对缺失数据的估算不可靠，也不符合WEIRD国家的趋势。总体而言，其他研究报告的较小的出生顺序影响似乎在文化上是特定的。©2020作者。John Wiley＆Sons Ltd代表欧洲人格心理学协会出版的《欧洲人格杂志》我们发现受教育程度的非线性模式对缺失数据的估算不可靠，也不符合WEIRD国家的趋势。总体而言，其他研究报告的较小的出生顺序影响似乎在文化上是特定的。©2020作者。John Wiley＆Sons Ltd代表欧洲人格心理学协会出版的《欧洲人格杂志》