The WTO concluded in 2012 that subsidized aeronautical research and development (R&D) gave Boeing a head start in product development that caused serious prejudice to the interests of Airbus but later, in 2019, it could not decide how long that head start had lasted. Meanwhile, the WTO concluded in 2018 that launch aid for Airbus aircraft led to innovations that also improved later aircraft models, thereby contributing to serious prejudice to the interests of Boeing. Both conclusions relied on a causation analysis that considered the effects of technological innovation, which makes subsidies used for R&D particularly vulnerable to challenge. This novel analysis may be too broad for the actionable subsidy disciplines of the SCM Agreement.

中文翻译：

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WTO补贴规则下技术创新的不利影响

WTO 于 2012 年得出结论，补贴航空研发 (R&D) 使波音公司在产品开发方面处于领先地位，这严重损害了空中客车公司的利益，但后来在 2019 年，它无法确定这种领先地位持续了多长时间。与此同时，世贸组织在 2018 年得出结论，对空客飞机的发射援助导致了创新，也改进了后来的飞机型号，从而严重损害了波音的利益。这两个结论都依赖于考虑技术创新影响的因果关系分析，这使得用于研发的补贴特别容易受到挑战。对于 SCM 协议的可操作补贴学科而言，这种新颖的分析可能过于宽泛。