We used event‑related potentials to investigate how markedness impacts person agreement in English‑speaking learners of L2‑Spanish. Markedness was examined by probing agreement with both first‑person (marked) and third‑person (unmarked) subjects. Agreement was manipulated by crossing first‑person subjects with third‑person verbs and vice versa. Native speakers showed a P600 for both errors, larger for “first‑person subject + third‑person verb” violations. This aligns with claims that, when the first element in the dependency is marked (first person), the parser generates stronger predictions regarding upcoming agreeing elements using feature activation. Twenty‑two upper‑intermediate/advanced learners elicited a P600 across both errors. Learners were equally accurate detecting both errors, but the P600 was marginally reduced for “first‑person subject + third‑person verb” violations, suggesting that learners overused unmarked forms (third person) online. However, this asymmetry mainly characterized lower‑proficiency learners. Results suggest that markedness impacts L2 agreement without constraining it, although learners are less likely to use marked features top‑down.

中文翻译：

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检查标记对西班牙人协议 L2 处理的贡献

我们使用事件相关电位来研究标记如何影响说英语的 L2-西班牙语学习者的人际一致性。通过探索与第一人称（标记）和第三人称（未标记）受试者的一致性来检查标记性。通过将第一人称主语与第三人称动词交叉来操纵一致性，反之亦然。母语人士的两个错误都显示为 P600，“第一人称主语 + 第三人称动词”违规的情况更大。这与声明一致，即当依赖项中的第一个元素被标记（第一人称）时，解析器使用特征激活生成关于即将到来的一致元素的更强预测。22 名中高级/高级学习者在两个错误中都获得了 P600。学习者同样准确地检测到这两个错误，但 P600 因“第一人称主语 + 第三人称动词”违规而略微降低，这表明学习者在网上过度使用未标记的形式（第三人称）。然而，这种不对称主要表现在低水平的学习者身上。结果表明，尽管学习者不太可能自上而下地使用标记特征，但标记性会影响 L2 一致性而不对其进行限制。