Referential expressions (REs) have been investigated in L2 English but to date there is no single study that systematically and simultaneously analyzes the development and acquisition of the multiple factors that constrain the choice of REs in natural discourse production. We investigate L1 Spanish–L2 English learners across three proficiency levels versus an English control group from the COREFL corpus. An analysis of both the RE and its antecedent(s) reveals that different intra- and extralinguistic factors constrain the choice of REs (information status, activated antecedents, syntactic configurations, characterhood, within-task effect, and proficiency level). L2 learners (L2ers) are sensitive to some factors but are unable to fully attain native-like levels even at advanced stages. They do not transfer null subjects from their L1 contrary to previous L2 research, and do not find all contexts at the syntax-discourse interface equally problematic, thus confirming previous theoretical proposals and empirical findings.

中文翻译：

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哪些因素决定了 L2 英语话语中指称表达的选择？

已经对二语英语中的指称表达（REs）进行了研究，但迄今为止，还没有一项研究系统地同时分析限制自然语篇生产中 REs 选择的多种因素的发展和习得。我们调查了三个熟练程度的 L1 西班牙语 - L2 英语学习者与来自 COREFL 语料库的英语对照组。对 RE 及其前项的分析表明，不同的语言内和语言外因素限制了 RE 的选择（信息状态、激活的前项、句法配置、性格、任务内效应和熟练程度）。L2 学习者 (L2ers) 对某些因素很敏感，但即使在高级阶段也无法完全达到母语水平。