This study investigates children's real time incrementation of language change as it is impacted by community-wide patterns of linguistic variability. The investigation combines apparent time analyses across an age-stratified sample of adult speakers, with real time analyses across a panel of speakers spanning childhood to adolescence. Three variables are analysed: GOOSE-fronting, a socially unmarked change; TH-fronting, a socially stigmatised, rapidly expanding change; and T-glottaling, a socially stigmatised, steadily shifting change. Variables are selected based on their social and generational profiles which present learners with more or less challenging community patterns to extract. Real time analyses confirm that community variance impacts on speakers’ ability to increment change in real time. Findings provide support for the momentum-based model of language change and builds on Labov's (2012:267) theory of the ‘outward orientation’ of children, which views learners as capable of extracting age vectors from generational differences. (Language change, incrementation, real time, GOOSE-fronting, TH-fronting, T-glottaling)*

中文翻译：

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校准创新：社区年龄向量和语言变化的实时增量

本研究调查了儿童语言变化的实时增量，因为它受到社区范围内的语言变异模式的影响。该调查结合了对按年龄分层的成年演讲者样本的明显时间分析，以及跨从童年到青春期的一组演讲者的实时分析。分析了三个变量： GOOSE-fronting，社会上无标记的变化；TH-fronting，一种被社会污名化的、迅速扩大的变化；和 T 声门，一种受到社会污名的、稳步变化的变化。变量是根据他们的社会和代际特征选择的，这些特征向学习者提供或多或少具有挑战性的社区模式以进行提取。实时分析证实社区差异会影响演讲者实时增加变化的能力。研究结果支持基于动量语言变化模型，并建立在 Labov (2012:267) 的儿童“外向”理论之上，该理论认为学习者能够从代际差异中提取年龄向量。（语言变化、增量、实时、GOOSE-fronting、TH-fronting、T-声门）*