In this article we estimate the relative contributions to the gender pension gap of career duration and income earned at different points along the pension income distribution, as well as the role played by minimum pensions and other partly or wholly non-contributory policies in reducing this gap. Our research covers all retirees in France in 2012 employed in the public or private sector at least once in their lifetimes. We first highlight that at every point in the distribution, the gender pension gap is wider for private-sector retirees than for those in the public sector. This is because public sector careers are less fragmented and because the calculation of the public sector reference wage does not penalize career interruptions so heavily. This relative advantage of women in the public sector is probably an additional factor explaining their over-representation in this sector. Applying the decomposition method proposed by Firpo et al. (2007, 2009), we show that composition differences in the gender pension gap are essentially due to differences in contribution periods and wages, with a smaller effect of career duration in the public sector than in the private. In the first deciles, the gap can be attributed largely to differences in career duration. This effect gradually weakens, and differences in the reference wage become the main explanation. We also show that minimum contributory pensions play an extremely important role in limiting the gender pension gap in the first deciles, essentially in the private sector. Last, we show that in all cases the unexplained share of the pension gap is substantial only at the bottom of the distribution and, to a lesser extent, in the top decile. The unexplained share is generally smaller than the explained one and favours men.

在本文中，我们估算了养老金收入分配过程中不同时间段的职业养老金差距和所获得收入对性别养老金差距的相对贡献，以及最低养老金和其他部分或完全非缴费型政策在缩小这一差距方面的作用。我们的研究覆盖了2012年法国所有在公共或私营部门工作的退休人员，一生中至少有一次。我们首先要强调的是，在分配的每个点上，私营部门退休人员的性别养老金差距都比公共部门的差距更大。这是因为公共部门的职业分散程度较小，并且公共部门参考工资的计算不会严重惩罚职业中断。妇女在公共部门的相对优势可能是解释她们在该部门任职人数过多的另一个因素。应用Firpo提出的分解方法等。（2007年，2009年），我们表明性别养老金差距的构成差异主要是由于缴费期限和工资的差异，与公共部门相比，公共部门的职业生涯影响较小。在最初的十分之一中，差距可以主要归因于职业生涯时间的差异。这种影响逐渐减弱，参考工资的差异成为主要解释。我们还表明，最低缴费型养老金在限制最初的十分之一的性别养老金差距方面（尤其是在私营部门中）发挥着极其重要的作用。最后，我们表明，在所有情况下，养老金缺口的无法解释的份额仅在分配的底部是相当大的，而在最高的十分位数则较小。无法解释的份额通常小于所解释的份额，并且偏爱男性。