Hobbes believed that the state of nature would be a war of all against all. Locke denied this, but acknowledged that in the absence of government, peace is insecure. In this paper, I analyse both accounts of the state of nature through the lens of classical and experimental game theory, drawing especially on evidence concerning the effects of punishment in public goods games. My analysis suggests that we need government not to keep wicked or relentlessly self-interested individuals in line, but rather to maintain peace among those who disagree about morality.

中文翻译：

---

自然状态下的惩罚与分歧

霍布斯认为，自然状态将是一场所有人对所有人的战争。洛克否认了这一点，但承认在没有政府的情况下，和平是不安全的。在本文中，我通过经典博弈论和实验博弈论的视角分析了对自然状态的两种描述，特别是利用了有关公共物品博弈中惩罚效果的证据。我的分析表明，我们需要政府不要让邪恶或无情地自私自利的人保持一致，而是要在那些不同意道德的人之间保持和平。