This paper addresses how to think about the permissibility of introducing deadweight costs (so-called ‘ordeals’) on candidate recipients of goods in order to attain better outcomes. The paper introduces some distinctions between different kinds of value dimensions that should be taken into account when such judgements are made and draws from the literature on comparisons across different value dimensions in order to canvas what sort of situations one might arguably face when evaluating ordeals. In light of the distinctions drawn and the possibilities canvassed, the paper proceeds to outline what circumstances indicate which of the possible situations one is in.

中文翻译：

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将折磨的成本和收益放在一起

本文讨论了如何考虑为候选商品接收者引入无谓成本（所谓的“ ordeals”），以实现更好的结果。本文介绍了在做出此类判断时应考虑的不同种类的价值维度之间的一些区别，并从文献中对不同价值维度的比较进行了总结，以探讨在评估折磨时人们可能会面对的哪种情况。根据区别和讨论的可能性，本文继续概述什么情况表明处于哪种可能情况。