Spanish–English bilinguals rarely code-switch in the perfect structure between the Spanish auxiliary haber (“to have”) and the participle (e.g., “Ella ha voted”; “She has voted”). However, they are somewhat likely to switch in the progressive structure between the Spanish auxiliary estar (“to be”) and the participle (“Ella está voting”; “She is voting”). This phenomenon is known as the “auxiliary phrase asymmetry”. One hypothesis as to why this occurs is that estar has more semantic weight as it also functions as an independent verb, whereas haber is almost exclusively used as an auxiliary verb. To test this hypothesis, we employed a connectionist model that produces spontaneous code-switches. Through simulation experiments, we showed that i) the asymmetry emerges in the model and that ii) the asymmetry disappears when using haber also as a main verb, which adds semantic weight. Therefore, the lack of semantic weight of haber may indeed cause the asymmetry.

中文翻译：

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为语码转换的西班牙语-英语中的辅助短语不对称建模

西班牙语-英语双语者很少在西班牙语辅助语之间的完美结构中进行语码转换哈伯（“有”）和分词（例如，“艾拉哈投票”；“她投票了”）。然而，他们有点可能在西班牙辅助之间的渐进结构中切换星辰（“to be”）和分词（“Ella está表决”; “她正在投票”）。这种现象被称为“辅助短语不对称”。关于为什么会发生这种情况的一个假设是星辰具有更大的语义权重，因为它也作为独立动词起作用，而哈伯几乎完全用作助动词。为了检验这个假设，我们采用了一种产生自发语码转换的联结主义模型。通过仿真实验，我们证明了 i) 模型中出现了不对称性，并且 ii) 使用时不对称性消失了哈伯也作为主要动词，增加语义权重。因此，缺乏语义权重哈伯确实可能导致不对称。