ABSTRACT

Economic bargaining models contend that women’s paid work reduces violence experienced due to increased bargaining power, while male backlash models argue that violence is likely to increase as the traditional male breadwinner role is threatened. The empirical linkages between women working for pay and experiencing men’s violence are also mixed. This study examines the association between women’s paid work participation and their experiences of intimate partner violence (IPV) and non-partner violence (NPV). It uses multivariate probit regressions to analyze survey data from 937 randomly selected women members of cooperative societies spanning the seven districts of Nepal. The paper hypothesizes that in a traditional setting like Nepal, working women are more likely to experience increased violence as they transgress traditional gender roles. Results suggest that employed women experience both IPV and NPV. Investments in longitudinal studies are needed to understand the point at which economic empowerment yields reversals in violence experienced.

HIGHLIGHTS

• Women’s work statuses influence their experiences of different forms of men’s violence in Nepal.

• Women’s paid work participation is not necessarily protective against violence by increasing their bargaining power.

• Women’s employment may increase exposure to violence because of underlying gender hierarchies.

• Longitudinal research is needed to understand when economic empowerment may avert violence.

摘要

经济讨价还价模型认为，由于有议价能力的提高，女性有偿工作减少了遭受的暴力行为，而男性抵制模型则认为，随着传统的男性养家者角色受到威胁，暴力行为可能会增加。从事有偿工作的妇女与遭受男性暴力的妇女之间的经验联系也混杂在一起。这项研究探讨了女性有酬工作参与与其亲密伴侣暴力（IPV）和非伴侣暴力（NPV）经历之间的关联。它使用多元概率回归分析了来自尼泊尔七个地区的937个随机选出的合作社女性成员的调查数据。该论文假设，在尼泊尔这样的传统环境中，职业妇女越过传统的性别角色，更有可能遭受更多的暴力。结果表明，受雇妇女既有IPV也有NPV。需要对纵向研究进行投资，以了解赋予经济权力在经历的暴力中产生逆转的那一点。

强调

• 妇女的工作状况会影响她们在尼泊尔遭受各种形式的男性暴力的经历。

• 妇女参加有偿工作并不一定能通过增加其讨价还价能力来保护自己免受暴力侵害。

• 由于基本的性别等级制度，妇女的就业可能会增加遭受暴力的机会。

• 需要进行纵向研究，以了解增强经济能力何时可以避免暴力。