A repeated cross-sectional design was used to examine whether temporal changes in implicit Black-weapon associations were dependent on the changing ethnic diversity of metropolitan areas over the course of a decade (2009–2018). Data on implicit Black-weapon associations were obtained from Project Implicit. Three indicators of ethnic diversity were calculated using American Community Survey data. Minority representation referred to the proportion of African American residents. Variety was operationalized as the degree to which six ethnic groups each accounted for an equal proportion of the population. Integration assessed the degree to which ethnic groups were evenly distributed across census tracts making up the metropolitan area. Multilevel model analyses (N = 345,647 participants, nested within 185 metropolitan areas) revealed that implicit Black-weapon associations weakened over time, and to a larger degree in metropolitan areas characterized by steeper increases in variety. This longitudinal relationship is consistent with the notion that, as metropolitan areas become more multiethnic, implicit associations between crime, danger, or violence and Black Americans decline.

中文翻译：

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随着时间的推移，在日益多民族的大都市地区，隐性的黑色武器协会减弱了

使用重复的横截面设计来检查隐含的黑色武器关联的时间变化是否依赖于十年（2009-2018）期间大都市地区不断变化的种族多样性。有关隐式黑色武器关联的数据来自 Project Implicit。使用美国社区调查数据计算了三个种族多样性指标。少数族裔代表是指非裔美国居民的比例。多样性被操作为六个种族群体各自占人口比例相等的程度。整合评估了族群在构成大都市区的人口普查区域中的均匀分布程度。多级模型分析（N= 345,647 名参与者，嵌套在 185 个大都市地区）显示，隐含的黑色武器关联随着时间的推移而减弱，并且在以种类急剧增加为特征的大都市地区更大程度。这种纵向关系与以下观点一致：随着大都市地区变得更加多种族，犯罪、危险或暴力与美国黑人之间的隐含关联下降。