Advice processes are omnipresent in our professional and private lives. We use a laboratory experiment to study how gender and gender matching affect advice giving and how gender matching affects advice following about entry into a real-effort tournament. For advice giving we find that women are less likely than men to recommend tournament entry to advisees than are intermediate performers. Furthermore, women maximize less often the expected earnings of advisees than intermediate performers. For advice following we find that men enter the tournament significantly more often than women in the intermediate-performance group do. Gender matching does not seem to affect advice giving or following. Overall, when it is less clear what the better advice or decision is, gender differences emerge. These results are consistent with findings in other areas that document that gender differences emerge in situations that are more ambiguous.

在我们的职业和私人生活中，咨询流程无处不在。我们使用实验室实验来研究性别和性别匹配如何影响建议的提供，以及性别匹配如何影响参加真实比赛的建议。对于建议，我们发现与中级表演者相比，女性比男性更不建议参加比赛。此外，与中级执行者相比，女性获得建议的期望收入的机会更少。为了获得一些建议，我们发现男性参加比赛的比例明显高于中级表演组的女性。性别匹配似乎并不影响建议的提供或遵循。总的来说，当不清楚什么是更好的建议或决定时，就会出现性别差异。