Abstract This paper investigates the impact of the mass migration episode of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century (1888–1920) on human capital creation in Brazil. We argue that the presence of immigrants at the turn of the twentieth century has had a positive impact on current measures of human capital and that the effect is heterogeneous. Demand for education depends on an immigrants’ experiences with public education, on their religious background, and on their migration objectives and demographics. The supply of education is contingent on social capital and size of immigrant community. Further, we indicate that this effect persisted over time and remained localized due to high mobility costs and network effects. We find a positive relationship between German, Japanese and Italian presence in 1920 and current human capital, while Portuguese and Spanish presence are not associated with human capital increases.

中文翻译：

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巴西的移民国籍和人力资本形成

摘要 本文研究了 19 世纪末和 20 世纪初（1888-1920 年）的大规模移民事件对巴西人力资本创造的影响。我们认为，20 世纪之交移民的出现对当前的人力资本衡量标准产生了积极影响，而且这种影响是异质的。对教育的需求取决于移民在公共教育方面的经验、他们的宗教背景以及他们的移民目标和人口统计数据。教育的供给取决于社会资本和移民社区的规模。此外，我们指出，由于高移动成本和网络效应，这种影响会随着时间的推移持续存在并保持局部性。我们发现 1920 年德国、日本和意大利的存在与当前的人力资本之间存在正相关关系，