Social media are increasingly credited with the emergence and rapid scaling of social movements. Consequently, many studies have explored the role of social media and other forms of Information and Communication Technology in enabling collective action beyond formal organizations. The focus in these studies has been on connective actions that emerge from the individualized but interdependent uses of social media in the pursuit of a movement's objectives. However, few studies have examined how social movements go beyond connective actions to build organizing capacity that can support effective and sustainable mobilization. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the shift from connective action to a more organized, concerted form of action is particularly important in the light of significant differences in lifespan and outcomes among social media-enabled movements. To advance our conceptualization of these mechanisms, we studied the case of Bersih movement, a transnational coalition and social media-enabled social movement that pushed for clean and fair elections in Malaysia. The case highlights two types of emergence, clustering and structuring emergence, that enabled the movement to evolve across three different phases: dispersed individuals, dispersed groups, and networked group. Our analysis of the case reveals that each of these two types of emergence exhibits different dynamics between the environmental, cognitive, and relational mechanisms that underlie the evolution of social movements. Our findings also present both the enabling and constraining roles of social media in clustering and structuring emergence.

随着社交运动的出现和迅速扩展，社交媒体越来越受到赞誉。因此，许多研究探索了社交媒体和其他形式的信息和通信技术在使正式组织之外的集体行动中所起的作用。这些研究的重点一直集中在社交媒体在追求运动目标中的个体化但相互依存的使用中产生的联系行动。但是，很少有研究检查社会运动如何超越结社行动来建立组织能力，以支持有效和可持续的动员。了解从联系行动转变为更有条理的基础的机制，鉴于社交媒体支持的运动的寿命和结果存在显着差异，因此协调一致的行动形式尤其重要。为了推动我们对这些机制的概念化，我们研究了Bersih运动的案例，该运动是跨国联盟和社会媒体推动的社会运动，其推动了马来西亚的清洁公正选举。这个案例突出了两种类型的出现，集群和结构的出现，使运动可以在三个不同阶段发展：分散的个人，分散的群体和网络化的群体。我们对该案例的分析表明，这两种类型的出现中的每一种都表现出构成社会运动演变的环境，认知和关系机制之间的不同动态。我们的发现还展示了社交媒体在集群和结构化新兴中的启用和约束作用。