Abstract

The authors describe a research-based conceptual framework of how students learn that can guide the design, implementation, and troubleshooting of teaching practice. The framework consists of nine interacting cognitive challenges that teachers need to address to enhance student learning. These challenges include student mental mindset, metacognition and self-regulation, student fear and mistrust, prior knowledge, misconceptions, ineffective learning strategies, transfer of learning, constraints of selective attention, and the constraints of mental effort and working memory. The challenges are described with recommendations on how to address each one. What is effective for one situation may not be effective in others, and no single teaching method will always be optimal for all teachers, students, topics, and educational contexts. The teacher’s task is to manage this complex interaction successfully.

摘要

作者描述了一个基于研究的概念框架，该框架介绍了学生如何学习，可以指导教学实践的设计，实施和故障排除。该框架由九个相互作用的认知挑战组成，教师需要解决这些挑战以增强学生的学习能力。这些挑战包括学生的心理思维方式，元认知和自我调节，学生的恐惧和不信任感，先验知识，误解，无效的学习策略，学习转移，选择性注意的约束以及精神努力和工作记忆的约束。描述了挑战，并提出了有关如何应对每个挑战的建议。对一种情况有效的方法在其他情况下可能无效，并且没有一种教学方法总是对所有教师，学生，主题和教育环境都是最佳的。