In this paper, we argue that altered incentives for clubs to develop star players after the Bosman ruling can explain why European football has seen lower competitive balance in the Champions League but more competitive balance at the national level. By having a profound impact on the transfers of players within the European Union (EU), the Bosman ruling led to stiffer bidding competition over football stars. We show that this spurred talent development primarily in EU countries without established top clubs having a positive impact on their junior and senior national teams' performance. However, the stiffer bidding competition also led to a lower competitive balance in the Champions League, as non‐established clubs prefer to sell their star players instead of challenging the top clubs. We provide empirical evidence consistent with these findings.

中文翻译：

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欧洲足球的人才发展和劳动力市场整合

在本文中，我们认为，在博斯曼裁定之后，改变俱乐部发展明星球员的动机可以解释为什么欧洲足球在欧冠联赛中的竞争平衡较低，而在国家一级的竞争平衡较高。通过对欧盟（EU）内部球员的转移产生深远的影响，博斯曼的裁决导致了对足球明星的更激烈的竞标竞争。我们表明，这主要在欧盟国家中刺激了人才发展，而没有建立顶级俱乐部对他们的初级和高级国家队的表现产生积极影响。但是，激烈的竞标竞争也导致冠军联赛的竞争平衡降低，因为未建立的俱乐部更愿意出售明星球员，而不是挑战顶级俱乐部。