Unequal access to food is one of the main issues in nutritional history, but scarcity of sources has hampered the quantification of this phenomenon. This study uses hospital diets to address this gap. It uses records from between 1852 and 1923 concerning hospital diets in the psychiatric section of the Hospital General de Valencia (Spain), from which it is possible to infer the actual intake of nutrients for six groups of patients and members of staff. The results reveal considerable differences in terms of diet and nutrition. While the most favoured groups (nuns and well‐off patients) had by 1852 reduced their relative intake of cereals and increased that of meat, in line with the general trend of the nutritional transition, the poor and orphans were still behind the trend by 1923. Hospital staff were on a high‐calorie diet that was adequate for carrying out physically demanding tasks, yet still suffered from a significant deficit in nutrient intake. These inequalities indicate that the nutritional transition was an uneven and non‐linear process, with substantial differences according to social group.

中文翻译：

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营养过渡期间无法平等获得食物：西班牙地中海的证据†

食物获取不均是营养史上的主要问题之一，但是资源的匮乏阻碍了这一现象的量化。这项研究使用医院饮食来弥补这一差距。它使用了1852年至1923年之间有关瓦伦西亚综合医院（西班牙）精神病科医院饮食的记录，从中可以推断出六组患者和工作人员的实际营养摄入量。结果表明饮食和营养方面存在很大差异。尽管最受青睐的人群（尼姑和小康患者）到1852年减少了谷物的相对摄入量，增加了肉类的相对摄入量，这与营养过渡的总体趋势相符，但到1923年，穷人和孤儿仍然落后于这一趋势。医院工作人员的饮食要高热量，足以执行体力劳动任务，但营养摄入量仍然明显不足。这些不平等现象表明，营养过渡是一个不平衡和非线性的过程，根据社会群体的不同，差异很大。