In recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest in the American philosophy of pragmatism. The paper reviews the application of pragmatisms in five selected areas of professional practice: technology, law, politics, medical and social work, and education. Each area is examined for evidence that the ideas of pragmatism have been taken up academically in the research literature. The literature is then examined for evidence that the academic work has permeated the actions of professionals. Each of the chosen practice areas is clearly dominated by pragmatic, instrumental activities. Despite this and a good deal of discussion in the academic literature, there is only limited evidence that professionals, in so far as they exhibit pragmatist behaviour, make any explicit connection with the philosophy of pragmatism. The early pragmatists argued that pragmatic behaviour arises from man's need to solve problems quickly, using his limited understanding of the situation, in order to survive and flourish: no philosophy had been required to guide such behaviour. Today, philosophy is often consulted on questions of ethical and moral dilemmas in most practice areas, but the philosophy of pragmatism may well not feature in such discussions. Experience in operational research (OR) practice is reviewed and compared with that in the five other practice areas. From the reviews, a list of the habits and orientations is synthesized, habits and orientations that could be taken to characterize pragmatism in professional practice.

中文翻译：

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专业实践中的实用主义

近年来，对美国实用主义哲学的兴趣重新抬头。该论文回顾了实用主义在五个选定的专业实践领域的应用：技术、法律、政治、医疗和社会工作以及教育。每个领域都经过检查，以证明实用主义的思想已在研究文献中被学术采纳。然后检查文献以寻找证据表明学术工作已经渗透到专业人士的行动中。每个选定的实践领域显然都以务实的工具性活动为主。尽管如此，学术文献中也进行了大量讨论，但只有有限的证据表明，就他们表现出的实用主义行为而言，专业人士与实用主义哲学有任何明确的联系。早期实用主义者认为，实用主义行为源于人们需要利用他对情况的有限理解来快速解决问题，以求生存和繁荣：不需要哲学来指导这种行为。今天，在大多数实践领域，经常会就伦理和道德困境问题咨询哲学，但实用主义哲学很可能不在此类讨论中。审查了运筹学 (OR) 实践的经验，并将其与其他五个实践领域的经验进行比较。从评论中，综合了一系列习惯和取向，这些习惯和取向可以用来表征专业实践中的实用主义。为了生存和繁荣：不需要哲学来指导这种行为。今天，在大多数实践领域，经常会就伦理和道德困境问题咨询哲学，但实用主义哲学很可能不在此类讨论中。审查了运筹学 (OR) 实践的经验，并将其与其他五个实践领域的经验进行比较。从评论中，综合了一系列习惯和取向，这些习惯和取向可以用来表征专业实践中的实用主义。为了生存和繁荣：不需要哲学来指导这种行为。今天，在大多数实践领域，经常会就伦理和道德困境问题咨询哲学，但实用主义哲学很可能不在此类讨论中。审查了运筹学 (OR) 实践的经验，并将其与其他五个实践领域的经验进行比较。从评论中，综合了一系列习惯和取向，这些习惯和取向可以用来表征专业实践中的实用主义。审查了运筹学 (OR) 实践的经验，并将其与其他五个实践领域的经验进行比较。从评论中，综合了一系列习惯和取向，这些习惯和取向可以用来表征专业实践中的实用主义。审查了运筹学 (OR) 实践的经验，并将其与其他五个实践领域的经验进行比较。从评论中，综合了一系列习惯和取向，这些习惯和取向可以用来表征专业实践中的实用主义。