Shari‘a (commonly translated as Islamic law) is at the epicenter of anti-Muslim discourses in the United States. How do Muslims in the United States understand and experience shari‘a in the context of virulent attacks on it and on Islam and Muslims more generally? This article explores the meanings Californian Muslims give to and the intentions they derive from shari‘a when dominant discourses represent shari‘a as a cause for concern in American life. Drawing from fieldwork and interviews with Muslims across California, as well as scholarship on legal consciousness and lived religion, we document three interrelated stages of shari‘a consciousness:perceivingshari‘a and discriminatory depictions of it;educatingoneself about shari‘a’s social and political relevance; andforming an intentionfor social action. Documenting these interrelated stages and theorizing the relationship between legal consciousness, religion, and inequality, this article reveals how religious identity formation is a significant precursor of legal mobilization and how nonstate normative orders provide interpretive frames for understanding human rights and social justice. Ultimately, legal consciousness may stem from sacred sensibilities and the desire to be a more ethical servant of God and not merely to be a more ethical subject of the state.

中文翻译：

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伊斯兰教法意识：加利福尼亚穆斯林的法律和活生生的宗教

伊斯兰教法（通常翻译为伊斯兰法）是美国反穆斯林言论的中心。美国穆斯林如何理解和体验伊斯兰教法，以及对伊斯兰教法和更普遍的穆斯林的猛烈攻击？本文探讨了当主流话语将伊斯兰教法视为美国生活中值得关注的原因时，加利福尼亚穆斯林赋予的含义以及他们从伊斯兰教法中得出的意图。根据对加州穆斯林的实地考察和采访，以及关于法律意识和生活宗教的学术研究，我们记录了伊斯兰教意识的三个相互关联的阶段：知觉伊斯兰教法及其歧视性描述；教育自己了解伊斯兰教法的社会和政治相关性；和形成意图为社会行动。本文记录了这些相互关联的阶段并理论化了法律意识、宗教和不平等之间的关系，揭示了宗教身份形成如何成为法律动员的重要先兆，以及非国家规范性秩序如何为理解人权和社会正义提供解释框架。归根结底，法律意识可能源于神圣的情感和渴望成为上帝的道德仆人，而不仅仅是成为国家的道德主体。