Most residents of Kisumu, Kenya, use latrines constructed over basic pits or attached to more durable concrete vaults and septic tanks. Only one-third of fecal sludge generated in the city, however, is safely collected and treated. Programs for improving fecal sludge management among poor households include the development of formal manual emptying organizations that are recognized by local authorities, employ safety procedures, and transport fecal sludge to a treatment site. In this study, we compared the financial structures of these organizations with those of vacuum trucks that primarily serve wealthier households. We also employed an incentives-based strategy to promote the expansion of safe pit-emptying services in a low-income area and compared the performance of three managing groups to coordinate these services: (1) The Association of Wastewater Managers (The Association); (2) a formal manual emptying organization; and (3) a community-based water supplier interested in coordinating emptying services. Vacuum trucks were more cost-effective than the formal manual emptying organization, and The Association was most efficient in servicing poor households. The Association also demonstrated the ability to service low-income areas comprehensively by delegating a fraction of jobs (11%) to formal manual emptiers in locations not serviceable by VTOs, and overall showed the highest potential to achieve pro-poor service delivery at scale.

肯尼亚基苏木的大多数居民都使用在基本坑上方建造的厕所，或连接在更耐用的混凝土保险库和化粪池上。但是，该城市产生的粪便污泥中只有三分之一被安全地收集和处理。改善贫困家庭粪便污泥管理的计划包括建立地方当局认可的正式人工排空组织，采用安全程序以及将粪便污泥运输到处理场所。在这项研究中，我们将这些组织的财务结构与主要服务于较富裕家庭的真空卡车的财务结构进行了比较。我们还采用了基于激励的策略，以促进在低收入地区扩大安全的排空服务，并比较了三个管理小组的绩效来协调这些服务：（1）废水管理者协会（协会）；（2）正式的手动排空组织；（3）有兴趣协调排空服务的社区供水商。真空卡车比正式的手动排空组织更具成本效益，协会在为贫困家庭提供服务方面效率最高。协会还通过将一部分工作（11％）委派给VTO无法提供服务的地点的正式手动取水器，从而展示了为低收入地区提供全面服务的能力，并且总体上显示了实现大规模扶贫服务的最大潜力。真空卡车比正式的手动排空组织更具成本效益，协会在为贫困家庭提供服务方面效率最高。协会还通过将一部分工作（11％）委派给VTO无法提供服务的地点的正式手动取水器，从而展示了为低收入地区提供全面服务的能力，并且总体上显示了实现大规模扶贫服务的最大潜力。真空卡车比正式的手动排空组织更具成本效益，协会在为贫困家庭提供服务方面效率最高。协会还通过将一部分工作（11％）委派给VTO无法提供服务的地点的正式手动取水器，从而展示了为低收入地区提供全面服务的能力，并且总体上显示了实现大规模扶贫服务的最大潜力。