The amount of wave overtopping at coastal structures such as vertical caisson breakwaters is strongly dependent on the angle of wave attack. The reducing effects of oblique waves on wave overtopping compared to perpendicular wave attack has been studied by means of three-dimensional wave basin tests. In these physical model tests the caisson breakwater has been exposed to wave conditions with wave angles between perpendicular and very oblique waves (i.e. 0°–75° in steps of 15°). Short-crested and long-crested waves have been tested and analysed. Also, crossing bimodal conditions have been studied with directional wind waves approaching the breakwater under a different angle than the simultaneous unidirectional swell conditions. Vertical caisson breakwaters with and without a recurved parapet (also referred to as a bullnose or a recurved wave return wall) have been tested. The measurements showed the large influence of oblique waves on wave overtopping. Also, the influence of a recurved parapet can be large although the influence reduces for larger wave angles. Guidelines have been proposed to account for the influence of oblique waves on wave overtopping at vertical caisson breakwaters with and without a recurved parapet, as well as for crossing bimodal conditions with simultaneous sea and swell conditions from different directions.

在沿海结构（如垂直沉箱防波堤）上的波浪超顶量在很大程度上取决于波浪的攻击角度。通过三维波盆试验研究了斜波对波顶的抑制作用与垂直波相比。在这些物理模型测试中，沉箱防波堤已暴露于波状条件下，波角介于垂直波与非常倾斜波之间（即0°–75°，以15°为步长）。短波和长波已经过测试和分析。此外，已经研究了跨双峰条件，其中定向风波以与同时单向膨胀条件不同的角度接近防波堤。带有和不带有反曲护栏的垂直沉箱防波堤（也称为牛鼻或反波护墙）已经过测试。测量结果表明，斜波对波的超顶影响很大。而且，尽管对于较大的波角减小了影响，但递归护墙的影响却可能很大。有人提出了指导方针，以考虑斜波对竖向沉箱防波堤上有无弯曲护栏的波浪越过的影响，