In December 2018, the European Union (EU) adopted a recast of the Renewable Energy Directive (RED II), which introduces a new target of 32 percent renewable energy to be reached at the EU level by 2030. This target represents a discontinuity with the one enshrined in the previous Directive (RED I), as it is binding only for the EU as a whole but not for individual Member States. Such a policy shift paves the way to new legal challenges for the deployment of renewable energy. Yet, the contextual approval of the Regulation on the Governance of the Energy Union also provides the European Commission with an enforcement toolkit to respond to Member States’ ambition and delivery gaps in their National Energy and Climate Plans. Providing an appraisal of the RED II and the Governance Regulation, this article argues that, despite the lack of binding renewable energy targets at Member State level, the Commission is equipped with the necessary instruments to ensure the enforcement of the collective 2030 renewable energy target.

中文翻译：

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五十种约束力：评估欧盟2030年可再生能源目标的执法工具包

2018年12月，欧盟（EU）通过了可再生能源指令（RED II）的重塑，该指令提出了到2030年在欧盟一级达到32％的可再生能源的新目标。以前的指令（RED I）中包含的一个，因为它仅对整个欧盟具有约束力，而对单个成员国不具有约束力。这种政策转变为可再生能源的部署向新的法律挑战铺平了道路。然而，根据《能源联盟治理条例》的上下文批准，也为欧盟委员会提供了一个执行工具包，以应对成员国在其国家能源和气候计划中的雄心和交付差距。本文对RED II和《治理法规》进行了评估，认为：