Competence and warmth are two fundamental stereotypical dimensions that frame people's social judgments. Since we currently lack evidence about how the volunteering workforce is socially perceived, this study aims to (a) understand which stereotypes are associated with volunteers, and (b) determine whether these perceptions vary as a result of contextual changes (i.e., professionalization) that have recently characterized nonprofit organizations (NPOs). Two empirical survey‐based studies were conducted in Belgium, one comprising data collected from a general population sample (N = 233), and the other from volunteers (N = 128). Study 1 displayed volunteers being perceived by the general population as warmer rather than competent. Study 2 found that ingroup warmth perceptions in a volunteers' sample decreased as NPOs became progressively more business‐like. Overall, these two studies illustrate that warmth is at the heart of the volunteers' role and show that the increasing professionalization of NPOs affects this perception.

中文翻译：

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志愿者和非营利组织专业化的刻板印象：两项研究

能力和热情是构成人们社会判断力的两个基本定型观念。由于我们目前缺乏关于如何对志愿者队伍进行社会认知的证据，因此本研究旨在（a）了解哪些定型观念与志愿者相关，并且（b）确定这些看法是否因环境变化（即专业化）而有所不同最近成为非营利组织（NPO）的代表。在比利时进行了两项基于实证调查的研究，一项包括从一般人群样本中收集的数据（N = 233），另一项包括了志愿者（N= 128）。研究1显示，普通民众将志愿者视为温暖而不是称职。研究2发现，随着NPO逐渐变得更加商业化，志愿者样本中的群体内温暖感降低。总体而言，这两项研究表明，温暖是志愿者角色的核心，并表明非营利组织专业化程度的提高会影响这种看法。