We argue that some properties of sign language grammar have counterparts in non-signers’ intuitions about gestures, including ones that are probably very uncommon. Thus despite the intrinsic limitations of gestures compared to full-fledged sign languages, they might access some of the same rules. While gesture research often focuses on co-speech gestures , we investigate pro-speech gestures, which fully replace spoken words and thus often make an at-issue semantic contribution, like signs. We argue that gestural loci can emulate several properties of sign language loci (= positions in signing space that realize discourse referents): there can be an arbitrary number of them, with a distinction between speaker-, addressee- and third person-denoting loci. They may be free or bound, and they may be used to realize ‘donkey’ anaphora. Some gestural verbs include loci in their realization, and for this reason they resemble some ‘agreement verbs’ found in sign language (Schlenker and Chemla 2018 ). As in sign language, gestural loci can have rich iconic uses, with high loci used for tall individuals. Turning to plurality, we argue that repetition-based gestural nouns replicate several properties of repetition-based plurals in ASL (Schlenker and Lamberton 2019 ): unpunctuated repetitions provide vague information about quantities, punctuated repetitions are often semantically precise, and rich iconic information can be provided in both cases depending on the arrangement of the repetitions, an observation that extends to some mass terms. We further suggest that gestural verbs can give rise to repetition-based pluractional readings, as their sign language counterparts (Kuhn 2015a , 2015b ; Kuhn and Aristodemo 2017 ). Following Strickland et al. ( 2015 ), we further argue that a distinction between telic and atelic sign language verbs, involving the existence of sharp boundaries, can be replicated with gestural verbs. Finally, turning to attitude and action reports, we suggest (following in part Lillo-Martin 2012 ) that Role Shift, which serves to adopt another agent’s perspective in sign language, has gestural counterparts. (An Appendix discusses possible gestural counterparts of ‘Locative Shift,’ a sign language operation in which one may co-opt a location-denoting locus to refer to an individual found at that location.)

中文翻译：

---

手势语法

我们认为，手语语法的某些属性与非手语者对手势的直觉具有对应关系，包括可能非常不常见的那些。因此，尽管与成熟的手语相比，手势存在固有的局限性，但它们可能会使用一些相同的规则。虽然手势研究通常侧重于共同语音手势，但我们研究了支持语音手势，它完全取代了口语，因此经常做出有争议的语义贡献，如符号。我们认为手势位点可以模拟手语位点的几个属性（= 在手语空间中实现话语所指对象的位置）：可以有任意数量的手势位点，区分说话者、受话者和第三人称的位点。它们可能是自由的或受约束的，它们可能被用来实现“驴”回指。一些手势动词在其实现中包括 loci，因此它们类似于手语中的一些“同意动词”（Schlenker 和 Chemla 2018）。与手语一样，手势位点可以具有丰富的标志性用途，高位点用于高个子个体。谈到复数，我们认为基于重复的手势名词复制了 ASL 中基于重复的复数的几个属性（Schlenker 和 Lamberton 2019）：无标点重复提供了关于数量的模糊信息，标点重复通常在语义上是精确的，丰富的图标信息可以在这两种情况下都根据重复的安排提供，观察扩展到某些质量项。我们进一步建议，手势动词可以产生基于重复的复数阅读，就像它们的手语对应物一样（Kuhn 2015a，2015b；库恩和阿里斯托德莫 2017 年）。继斯特里克兰等人之后。（ 2015 ），我们进一步认为，telic 和 atelic 手语动词之间的区别，涉及存在明显的边界，可以用手势动词来复制。最后，转向态度和行动报告，我们建议（部分遵循 Lillo-Martin 2012 年的报告）角色转换，用于在手语中采用另一个代理的观点，具有手势对应物。（附录讨论了“位置转移”的可能手势对应物，这是一种手语操作，在这种操作中，人们可以选择一个位置指示位点来指代在该位置发现的个人。）可以用手势动词复制。最后，转向态度和行动报告，我们建议（部分遵循 Lillo-Martin 2012 年的报告）角色转换，用于在手语中采用另一个代理的观点，具有手势对应物。（附录讨论了“位置转移”的可能手势对应物，这是一种手语操作，在这种操作中，人们可以选择一个位置指示位点来指代在该位置发现的个人。）可以用手势动词复制。最后，转向态度和行动报告，我们建议（部分遵循 Lillo-Martin 2012 年的报告）角色转换，用于在手语中采用另一个代理的观点，具有手势对应物。（附录讨论了“位置转移”的可能手势对应物，这是一种手语操作，在这种操作中，人们可以选择一个位置指示位点来指代在该位置发现的个人。）