Orthodoxy in the contemporary debate on knowledge ascriptions holds that the truth-value of knowledge ascriptions is purely a matter of truth-relevant factors. One familiar challenge to orthodoxy comes from intuitive practical factor effects. But practical factor effects turn out to be hard to confirm in experimental studies, and where they have been confirmed, they may seem easy to explain away. We suggest a novel experimental paradigm to show that practical factor effects exist. It trades on the idea that people retract knowledge attributions when practical factors shift. We also explain why the resulting data raise a serious challenge to orthodoxy.

中文翻译：

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知识关系重大

当代知识归属争论的正统观点认为，知识归属的真值纯粹是真值相关因素的问题。对正统的一个熟悉的挑战来自直观的实际因素效应。但实际因素的影响在实验研究中很难得到证实，而且在它们得到证实的地方，它们似乎很容易被解释掉。我们提出了一种新的实验范式来表明实际因素效应的存在。它交换了人们在实际因素发生变化时收回知识属性的想法。我们还解释了为什么结果数据对正统观念提出了严峻挑战。