A defining feature of language lies in its capacity to represent meaning across oral and written forms. Morphemes, the smallest units of meaning in a language, are the fundamental building blocks that encode meaning, and morphological skills enable their effective use in oral and written language. Increasing evidence indicates that morphological skills are linked to literacy outcomes, including word reading, spelling and reading comprehension. Despite this evidence, the precise ways in which morphology influences the development of children's literacy skills remain largely underspecified in theoretical models of reading and spelling development. In this paper, we draw on the extensive empirical evidence base in English to explicitly detail how morphology might be integrated into models of reading and spelling development. In doing so, we build on the perspective that morphology is multidimensional in its support of literacy development. The culmination of our efforts is the Morphological Pathways Framework – an adapted framework that illuminates precise mechanisms by which morphology impacts word reading, spelling and reading comprehension. Through this framework, we bring greater clarity and specificity on how the use of morphemes in oral and written language supports the development of children's literacy skills. We also highlight gaps in the literature, revealing important areas to focus future research to improve theoretical understanding. Furthermore, this paper provides valuable theoretical insight that will guide future empirical inquiries in identifying more precise morphological targets for intervention, which may have widespread implications for informing literacy practices in the classroom and educational policies more broadly.

中文翻译：

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形态学如何影响阅读和拼写：提高形态学在扫盲发展模型中的作用

语言的定义特征在于它能够通过口头和书面形式表达含义。语素是语言中最小的意思单位，是编码含义的基本构件，形态学技能可以使它们在口头和书面语言中得到有效使用。越来越多的证据表明，形态能力与读写能力有关，包括单词阅读，拼写和阅读理解。尽管有这些证据，但形态学影响儿童识字能力发展的确切方法在阅读和拼写发展的理论模型中仍未充分阐明。在本文中，我们利用广泛的英语经验证据库来明确详细说明如何将形态学整合到阅读和拼写发展模型中。在这样做，我们基于形态学在支持扫盲发展方面是多维的观点。我们努力的顶点是Morphological Pathways Framework（形态学途径框架） –一种经过改进的框架，阐明了形态学影响单词阅读，拼写和阅读理解的精确机制。通过这个框架，我们在口语和书面语中使用词素如何支持儿童识字能力的发展方面更加清晰和具体。我们还着重指出了文献中的空白，揭示了重要的领域，这些领域是未来研究的重点，以增进理论理解。此外，本文提供了宝贵的理论见解，将指导未来的实证研究确定更精确的形态学目标以进行干预，这可能对在课堂和更广泛的教育政策中宣传扫盲实践产生广泛的影响。