While opportunism has been a focus of transaction cost economics, perceived opportunism, where one party is perceived to be acting opportunistically when there is no opportunistic intent, can also lead to increased transaction costs in an exchange. In this study, consistent with forms of opportunism observed in our context of manufacturing outsourcing, we examine two different forms of perceived opportunism—perceived poaching and shirking. As narratives of the hidden costs of outsourcing discuss concerns of suppliers in emerging economies engaging in poaching and shirking, we examine if the level of economic development where a supplier operates affects perceptions of supplier poaching and shirking and also examine if the supplier's competitive priorities moderate those perceptions. To empirically test these relationships, we combine archival data of location characteristics with a dyadic primary dataset that captures perceived supplier opportunism, self‐reported supplier opportunism, and other relationship characteristics. Our findings illustrate that perceived opportunism and opportunism are distinct constructs and that more observable forms of opportunism (i.e., shirking) affect perceived opportunism more than less observable forms of opportunism (i.e., poaching). We also find that, in existing relationships, manufacturers in advanced economies perceive poaching to be more strongly related to the level of economic development where a supplier operates than shirking. Finally, we find that while a cost focus can mitigate perceptions of poaching, an innovation focus exacerbates them. Overall, our study illustrates the challenges that innovation‐focused suppliers in emerging economies face in regards to competing with suppliers in advanced economies.

中文翻译：

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新兴经济体在外包关系中的感知供应商机会主义

尽管机会主义一直是交易成本经济学的重点，但在没有机会主义意图的情况下，一方被认为是采取机会主义行动的感知机会主义也会导致交易所的交易成本增加。在这项研究中，与我们在制造业外包中观察到的机会主义形式相一致，我们考察了感知到的机会主义的两种不同形式-偷猎和逃避。由于外包的隐性成本的叙述讨论了新兴经济体中从事偷猎和回避活动的供应商所关注的问题，因此，我们检查了供应商运营所在的经济发展水平是否会影响对偷猎和回避活动的看法，并且还研究了供应商的竞争重点是否缓和了这些问题。知觉。为了从经验上检验这些关系，我们将位置特征的档案数据与捕获感知的供应商机会主义，自我报告的供应商机会主义以及其他关系特征的二进制主要数据集结合起来。我们的发现表明，机会主义和机会主义是截然不同的结构，机会主义的更多可观察的形式（即逃避）对机会主义的影响大于可观察性的机会主义（即偷猎）。我们还发现，在现有关系中，发达经济体的制造商认为偷猎与供应商开展业务的经济发展水平之间的关系比偷懒更为紧密。最后，我们发现，虽然以成本为重点可以减轻对偷猎的看法，但以创新为重点会加剧这种情况。总体，