Past research shows that successful women in traditionally masculine roles often experience interpersonal penalties not sustained by similarly successful men. In two studies we, addressed the question of how the perceived motivation of women for counter‐stereotypical positions affects whether such penalties occur. Specifically, we investigated whether women who are successful in male gender‐typed roles are less likely to be penalized when their attainment of the role is due to circumstance than to focused and intentional goal pursuit. In Study 1, we compared reactions to women and men who had been successful in a leadership role on a STEM project and showed that when a woman had been arbitrarily assigned to the leadership role she incurred fewer interpersonal penalties than when she had actively pursued it. In Study 2, we replicated and extended these findings by demonstrating similar effects for a successful woman in a financial position when she had attained her position due to a series of lucky breaks rather than purposeful goal‐directed efforts. The results of these studies support the idea that the perception that women have actively chosen to pursue counter‐normative goals plays an important role in determining whether they are penalized for their success in traditionally male domains. It was not simply being in the role, but how she got there, that determined whether the derogation and dislike shown to be directed at successful women in past research occurred.

中文翻译：

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选择或情况：女性何时因成功而受到惩罚？

过去的研究表明，在传统上扮演男性角色的成功女性经常会遭受人际交往的惩罚，而这种惩罚是由同样成功的男性所承受的。在两项研究中，我们解决了女性对反陈规定型观念的动机如何影响这种惩罚是否发生的问题。具体而言，我们调查了成功完成男性性别型角色的女性是否因环境而受到惩罚而不是专注于目标和故意追求目标的可能性较低。在研究1中，我们比较了在STEM项目中成功担任领导职务的男女的反应，并显示出，当一名妇女被任意任命担任领导职务时，与积极追求相比，她受到的人际交往处罚更少。在研究2中，我们通过证明成功的女性由于一系列的幸运休息而不是有目的的目标努力而获得了职位，从而复制和扩展了这些发现。这些研究的结果支持这样一种观点，即女性积极选择追求反规范目标的观念在确定她们是否因其在传统男性领域的成功而受到惩罚方面起着重要作用。不仅仅是角色扮演，而是她如何到达那里，决定了是否发生了在过去的研究中对成功女性所表现出的克减和反感。