In the academic literature, private supplementary tutoring is widely known as shadow education, in part because it is commonly indistinct and because much of its content mimics that in mainstream schooling. Around the world, shadow education has become an important part of students' lives and in some places it diminishes the body that it mimics. This paper builds on studies that have focused on relationships between schooling and shadow education. The paper uses the conceptual lens of privatisation‐by‐default, and employs qualitative methods to understand the roles of both government and private schools in promoting tutoring in West Bengal, India. It finds that substantial proportions of shadow education emanate from and are fostered by school systems. On the one hand private tutoring as a form of privatisation‐by‐default gives freedom of choice, but on the other hand it limits choice. Further, school‐bred tutoring can have a negative backwash on school systems. As such, private supplementary tutoring is not just a neutral shadow but affects the body that it imitates. The study recommends researchers to look back at schools to gain a deeper understanding of private supplementary tutoring.

中文翻译：

---

学校系统成为影子教育的温床：印度西孟加拉邦私人补习的因素

在学术文献中，私人补习被广泛称为影子教育，部分原因是它通常是不清楚的，并且其大部分内容都与主流学校的教育相仿。在世界范围内，影子教育已成为学生生​​活的重要组成部分，并且在某些地方，它削弱了它所模仿的身体。本文建立在侧重于学校教育与影子教育之间关系的研究之上。本文使用默认情况下私有化的概念，并采用定性方法来理解政府和私立学校在促进印度西孟加拉邦的补习中的作用。研究发现，影子教育的很大一部分来自学校系统，并受到学校系统的培养。一方面，作为默认的私有化形式的私人补习提供了选择的自由，但是另一方面，它限制了选择。此外，校本补习会对学校系统产生负面影响。因此，私人补习不仅是中立的影子，而且还会影响其模仿的身体。该研究建议研究人员回头看学校，以更深入地了解私人补习。