The educational testing landscape is changing in many significant ways as evidence‐based, principled assessment design (PAD) approaches are formally adopted. This article discusses the challenges and presents some score scale‐ and task‐focused strategies for developing useful performance‐level descriptors (PLDs) under a PAD approach. Details of the strategies are illustrated using an example based on the Next‐Generation Science Standards (NGSS).

中文翻译：

---

在原则性评估设计范式下生成性能级别描述符：下一代科学标准下的评估示例

随着正式采用基于证据的，原则性的评估设计（PAD）方法，教育测试的格局正在发生许多重大变化。本文讨论了挑战，并提出了一些分数评分和针对任务的策略，用于在PAD方法下开发有用的性能级别描述符（PLD）。使用基于下一代科学标准（NGSS）的示例说明了策略的详细信息。