Previous studies have cited inequality as a major factor relating to conflicts in Indonesia, while consideration of polarization and fractionalization as drivers of conflict is limited. The current paper examined the roles of three indices (polarization, inequality and fractionalization) in explaining the incidence of conflicts in Indonesian provinces over 2002–2012. This study used income (proxied by expenditure) differences to measure polarization and inequality, with subnational data as the unit of analysis. In addition, to complete the analysis, the present study used a variety of socioeconomic indicators as additional control variables. This paper verified that the high degrees of income polarization, ethnic fractionalization and income inequality are associated with the high probability of conflicts in Indonesian provinces. It also found that socioeconomic factors such as poverty, unemployment, population and natural resources, as well as some types of local government spending are significantly associated with conflicts.

中文翻译：

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收入两极分化，收入不平等和族裔分化在社会冲突中的作用：对印尼各省的一项实证研究，2002-2012年

先前的研究已将不平等作为与印度尼西亚冲突有关的主要因素，而将极化和分散化作为冲突驱动因素的考虑有限。本文研究了三个指数（极化，不平等和分割化）在解释印度尼西亚各省2002-2012年冲突发生率中的作用。这项研究使用收入（由支出代替）差异来衡量两极分化和不平等，以地方数据作为分析单位。此外，为完成分析，本研究使用了多种社会经济指标作为其他控制变量。本文证明，高度收入分化，种族分化和收入不平等与印尼各省发生冲突的可能性较高有关。