Multiplicity and pseudorapidity (η) density (dN _ch/dη) distributions of charged hadrons provide key information towards understanding the particle production mechanisms and initial conditions of high-energy heavy-ion collisions. However, detector constraints limit the η-range across which charged particle measurements can be carried out. Extrapolating the measured distributions to large η-range by parameterizing measured distributions and by using calculations from event generators, we characterize the production of charged particles over the full kinematic range. In the present study, we use three different anstze to obtain quantitative descriptions of the shape of pseudorapidity distributions of charged hadrons produced in pp, p–A, and A–A collisions for beam energies () ranging from a few GeV to a few TeV corresponding to RHIC and LHC energies. We study the limiting fragmentation behavior in these collisions and report evidence for participant-scaling violations in high-energy collisions at the TeV scale. We additionally examine measured pseudorapidity distributions to constrain models describing initial conditions of particle production. We predict the centrality dependence of charged particle multiplicity distributions at FAIR and NICA energies and give an estimation of charged particle multiplicity at η = 0 for the proposed HE-LHC and FCC energies.

带电强子的多重性和拟快速性（η）密度（d N _ch / dη）分布为了解粒子产生机理和高能重离子碰撞的初始条件提供了关键信息。但是，检测器约束限制了可进行带电粒子测量的η-范围。通过参数化测得的分布并使用事件生成器的计算将测得的分布外推到较大的η范围，我们可以表征整个运动范围内带电粒子的产生。在本研究中，我们使用三种不同的兹获得了束能量（）在pp，p–A和A–A碰撞中产生的带电强子的假快速分布形状的定量描述，其光束能量从几个GeV到几个TeV，对应于RHIC和LHC能量。我们研究了这些碰撞中的限制性碎片行为，并报告了在TeV规模的高能碰撞中参与者缩放违规的证据。我们还检查了测得的伪快速分布，以约束描述颗粒产生初始条件的模型。我们预测了FAIR和NICA能量下带电粒子多重性分布的中心性依赖性，并针对拟议的HE-LHC和FCC能量给出了η = 0时带电粒子多重性的估计。