Real-time distributed clustering algorithm for aggregation of distributed energy storage systems into heterogeneous virtual power plants is proposed. Two types of virtual power plants are formed: one for provisioning the bulk (low-frequency) power demand and one for provisioning the high-frequency power demand. The proposed distributed clustering algorithm determines the virtual power plants’ memberships, for each distributed energy storage system, based on each energy storage system’s capacity and owner’s willingness to participate in one of the virtual power plants. The proposed distributed secondary level control system regulates each energy storage system according to each virtual power plant’s operational objectives. Specifically, a balanced state of charge of all energy storage systems inside each virtual power plant is maintained. One of the virtual power plants is responsible for the frequency and voltage regulation by providing the required high-frequency power, while the other one provides the required bulk (low-frequency) power demand. In addition, the proposed clustering algorithm enables to meet a required energy capacity of the bulk virtual power plant by automatically tuning the clustering algorithm parameters. RTDS real-time technique verifies the proposed clustering algorithm and control systems on the IEEE 13 nodes power system with distributed energy storage systems and photovoltaic sources. The presented results demonstrate dynamic aggregation of energy storage systems into heterogeneous virtual power plants based on power demand while all regulation requirements are met.

中文翻译：

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基于电力需求的异构虚拟电厂组建分布式动态聚类算法

提出了一种将分布式储能系统聚合到异构虚拟电厂中的实时分布式聚类算法。形成了两种类型的虚拟电厂：一种用于供应大量（低频）电力需求，另一种用于供应高频电力需求。所提出的分布式聚类算法基于每个能量存储系统的容量和所有者参与其中一个虚拟电厂的意愿，为每个分布式能量存储系统确定虚拟电厂的成员资格。拟议的分布式二级控制系统根据每个虚拟电厂的运行目标调节每个储能系统。具体地，每个虚拟发电厂内部的所有能量存储系统的充电状态保持平衡。虚拟电厂中的一个通过提供所需的高频功率来负责频率和电压调节，而另一虚拟电厂则提供所需的批量（低频）功率需求。另外，通过自动调整聚类算法参数，提出的聚类算法能够满足大型虚拟电厂的所需能量容量。RTDS实时技术在具有分布式能量存储系统和光伏电源的IEEE 13节点电力系统上验证了提出的群集算法和控制系统。提出的结果表明，在满足所有法规要求的情况下，可根据电力需求将储能系统动态聚合到异构虚拟电厂中。