The Internet-of-Things (IoT) radios are aggressively duty-cycled to reduce the average power consumption, but the startup time and energy of the crystal oscillator can limit their on-off latency and overall energy efficiency. In this brief, we provide a mathematical treatment of the startup time of the crystal oscillator and discuss the pros and cons of the recent startup time and energy-reduction techniques categorized as negative resistance boosting and energy injection.

中文翻译：

---

物联网时代晶体振荡器的启动时间和节能技术

物联网 (IoT) 无线电采用积极的占空比以降低平均功耗，但晶体振荡器的启动时间和能量会限制其开关延迟和整体能效。在这个简介中，我们提供了晶体振荡器启动时间的数学处理，并讨论了最近启动时间和归类为负电阻提升和能量注入的能量减少技术的利弊。