Periodontal tissues consist of cementum, periodontal ligaments, and alveolar bone, which provide indispensable support for physiological activities involving mastication, swallowing, and pronunciation. The formation of periodontal tissues requires a complex process, during which a close relationship with biomineralization is noticeable. Alveolar bone and cementum are physically hard, both of which are generated from biomineralization and possess the exact mechanical properties resembling other hard tissues. However, when periodontitis, congenital abnormalities, periapical diseases, and other pathological conditions affect the organism, the most common symptom, alveolar bone defect, is always unavoidable, which results in difficulties for current clinical treatment. Thus, exploring effective therapies to improve the prognosis is important. Matrix vesicles (MVs), a special subtype of extracellular vesicles related to histogenesis, are widely produced by the stem cells of developing hard tissues. With the assistance of the enzymes and transporters contained within them, MVs can construct the extracellular matrix and an adequate microenvironment, thus promoting biomineralization and periodontal development. Presently, MVs can be effectively extracted and delivered by scaffolds and generate hard tissues in vitro and in vivo, which are expected to be translated into therapies for alveolar bone defects. In this review, we generalize recent research progress on MV morphology, molecular composition, biological mechanism, and, in particular, the biological functions in periodontal development. In addition to the above unique roles of MVs, we further describe the available MV-related biotechnologies and achievements that make them promising for coping with existing problems and improving the treatment of alveolar bone defects.

中文翻译：

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牙周组织基质囊泡功能综述

牙周组织由牙骨质、牙周韧带和牙槽骨组成，为咀嚼、吞咽和发音等生理活动提供不可或缺的支持。牙周组织的形成需要一个复杂的过程，其中与生物矿化的密切关系是显而易见的。牙槽骨和牙骨质在物理上很硬，两者都是由生物矿化产生的，并且具有与其他硬组织相似的确切机械性能。然而，当牙周炎、先天性异常、根尖周疾病等病理状况影响机体时，最常见的症状——牙槽骨缺损总是不可避免的，这给目前的临床治疗带来了困难。因此，探索有效的治疗方法以改善预后很重要。基质囊泡 (MVs) 是一种与组织发生相关的特殊细胞外囊泡亚型，由发育中的硬组织的干细胞广泛产生。在其中所含酶和转运蛋白的帮助下，MVs可以构建细胞外基质和适当的微环境，从而促进生物矿化和牙周发育。目前，支架可以有效地提取和递送MV，并在体外和体内产生硬组织，有望转化为牙槽骨缺损的治疗方法。在这篇综述中，我们概括了近年来在 MV 形态、分子组成、生物学机制，特别是牙周发育中的生物学功能方面的研究进展。除了上述MV的独特作用，