Sanitary conditions and diet are important elements determining the occurrence of pathogens in animals. The aim of the research was to assess the effect of an experimental diet with rye and xylanase for broiler chickens in cages and in a free-range system on the intestinal microbiome. The study was carried out in two experimental stages, the first on 224 1-d-old male Ross 308 chickens with an initial weight of 41 g, and the second on 2000 1-d-old male chickens with an initial weight of 42 g. All birds were reared to 42 d of age and fed crumbled starter (1 to 21 d) and pelleted grower–finisher (22 to 42 d) isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets, supplemented with 20% rye and/or 200 mg/kg xylanase. Directly after slaughter, bacteria were isolated from the cloaca of birds and identified using classical microbiological methods and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The antibiotic susceptibility of the bacteria was assessed by the disc diffusion method. The study showed the presence of abundant bacteria in the gut microbiome of chickens kept in both housing systems. The most frequently isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., Proteus spp., Campylobacter spp., and Staphylococcus spp. Antibiotic resistance was significantly higher in E. coli, Proteus spp., and Campylobacter spp. obtained from chickens from the free-range farm, but in the case of Enterococcus and Staphylococcus, resistance was higher in bacteria from caged birds. The high antibiotic resistance among pathogens of the gastrointestinal tract necessitates the search for means to control the microbiome in favour of beneficial bacteria. The significant influence of rye and xylanase on the bacterial content may be the basis for the introduction of this method to support the control of pathogens.

中文翻译：

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在不同的住房系统中添加20％黑麦和木聚糖酶的饮食对肉鸡致病菌发生的影响

卫生条件和饮食是决定动物中病原体发生的重要因素。该研究的目的是评估黑麦和木聚糖酶的实验饮食对笼养鸡和自由放养系统中的肉鸡对肠道微生物组的影响。这项研究分两个实验阶段进行，第一阶段是对224头1 d雄性罗斯308鸡，初始重量为41 g，第二阶段是对2000 d d雄性雄鸡，初始重量为42 g 。将所有禽类饲养到42 d的年龄，并饲喂粉碎的开胃曲（1至21 d）和成粒的成年肥牛（22至42 d）同氮和同能饲料，并添加20％黑麦和/或200 mg / kg木聚糖酶。屠杀后，从鸟类的泄殖腔中分离出细菌，并使用经典的微生物学方法和MALDI-TOF质谱进行鉴定。通过圆盘扩散法评估细菌的抗生素敏感性。这项研究表明，在两个鸡舍系统中饲养的鸡的肠道微生物组中都存在大量细菌。最常见的细菌是大肠杆菌，肠球菌属，变形杆菌属，弯曲杆菌属和葡萄球菌属。大肠杆菌，变形杆菌属和弯曲杆菌属中的抗生素耐药性明显更高。从散养场的鸡获得，但对于肠球菌和葡萄球菌笼养鸟类的细菌抵抗力更高。胃肠道病原体之间的高抗生素抗性需要寻找控制微生物组以利于有益细菌的方法。黑麦和木聚糖酶对细菌含量的重大影响可能是引入该方法以支持病原体控制的基础。