Abstract The bottleneck of the piezoelectric devices in miniaturization is the heat generation owing to the losses. There are three losses in a piezoelectric material; dielectric, elastic and piezoelectric losses. The development of high-power density piezoelectrics is directly relevant to the clarification of the loss mechanisms in such materials. This article describes the characterization methodologies of high-power piezoelectrics, in particular, in determining the three losses separately. There are two categories for the measuring methods: (1) electrical excitation method, and (2) mechanical excitation method. The former is basically admittance/impedance measurement via the output current over the input voltage, further classified into four methods; (a) constant voltage, (b) constant current, (c) constant vibration velocity, and (d) constant input energy. To the contrary, the latter is basically the transient mechanical vibration ring-down measurement under various electrical constraint conditions. The key is to obtain precise values of both mechanical quality factors at resonance QA and at antiresonance QB, regardless of measuring techniques, so that we can determine the piezoelectric loss precisely. The difference of QM between the resonance and antiresonance is originated from the electromechanical coupling factor k2 loss, Depending on the sign of the k2 loss, more efficient driving frequency can be derived rather than the conventional ‘resonance’ frequency.

中文翻译：

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高功率压电表征系统 (HiPoCS™)

摘要 压电器件小型化的瓶颈是损耗产生的热量。压电材料存在三种损耗；介电损耗、弹性损耗和压电损耗。高功率密度压电材料的发展与阐明此类材料的损耗机制直接相关。本文介绍了大功率压电体的表征方法，特别是分别确定三种损耗的方法。测量方法有两大类：（1）电激励法，（2）机械激励法。前者基本上是通过输出电流超过输入电压的导纳/阻抗测量，进一步分为四种方法；(a) 恒定电压，(b) 恒定电流，(c) 恒定振动速度，(d) 恒定输入能量。相反，后者基本上是各种电气约束条件下的瞬态机械振动衰荡测量。无论测量技术如何，关键是获得谐振 QA 和反谐振 QB 机械品质因数的精确值，以便我们可以精确地确定压电损耗。谐振和反谐振之间 QM 的差异源于机电耦合因子 k2 损耗。根据 k2 损耗的符号，可以推导出更有效的驱动频率，而不是传统的“谐振”频率。无论测量技术如何，关键是获得谐振 QA 和反谐振 QB 机械品质因数的精确值，以便我们可以精确地确定压电损耗。谐振和反谐振之间 QM 的差异源于机电耦合因子 k2 损耗。根据 k2 损耗的符号，可以推导出更有效的驱动频率，而不是传统的“谐振”频率。无论测量技术如何，关键是获得谐振 QA 和反谐振 QB 机械品质因数的精确值，以便我们可以精确地确定压电损耗。谐振和反谐振之间 QM 的差异源于机电耦合因子 k2 损耗。根据 k2 损耗的符号，可以推导出更有效的驱动频率，而不是传统的“谐振”频率。