Cellular quiescence, the temporary and reversible exit from proliferative growth, is the predominant state of all cells. However, our understanding of the biological processes and molecular mechanisms that underlie cell quiescence remains incomplete. As with the mitotic cell cycle, budding and fission yeast are preeminent model systems for studying cellular quiescence owing to their rich experimental toolboxes and the evolutionary conservation across eukaryotes of pathways and processes that control quiescence. Here, we review current knowledge of cell quiescence in budding yeast and how it pertains to cellular quiescence in other organisms, including multicellular animals. Quiescence entails large‐scale remodeling of virtually every cellular process, organelle, gene expression, and metabolic state that is executed dynamically as cells undergo the initiation, maintenance, and exit from quiescence. We review these major transitions, our current understanding of their molecular bases, and highlight unresolved questions. We summarize the primary methods employed for quiescence studies in yeast and discuss their relative merits. Understanding cell quiescence has important consequences for human disease as quiescent single‐celled microbes are notoriously difficult to kill and quiescent human cells play important roles in diseases such as cancer. We argue that research on cellular quiescence will be accelerated through the adoption of common criteria, and methods, for defining cell quiescence. An integrated approach to studying cell quiescence, and a focus on the behavior of individual cells, will yield new insights into the pathways and processes that underlie cell quiescence leading to a more complete understanding of the life cycle of cells.

中文翻译：

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芽殖酵母中的细胞静止

细胞静止是增殖性生长的暂时和可逆退出，是所有细胞的主要状态。然而，我们对细胞静止的生物学过程和分子机制的理解仍然不完整。与有丝分裂细胞周期一样，出芽酵母和裂殖酵母是研究细胞静止的卓越模型系统，因为它们具有丰富的实验工具箱以及控制静止的途径和过程在真核生物中的进化保守性。在这里，我们回顾了目前关于芽殖酵母细胞静止的知识，以及它与其他生物体（包括多细胞动物）中细胞静止的关系。静止需要对几乎每一个细胞过程、细胞器、基因表达、当细胞经历启动、维持和从静止状态退出时动态执行的代谢状态。我们回顾了这些主要转变、我们目前对其分子基础的理解，并强调了未解决的问题。我们总结了用于酵母静止研究的主要方法并讨论了它们的相对优点。了解细胞静止对人类疾病具有重要意义，因为众所周知，静止的单细胞微生物难以杀死，而静止的人类细胞在癌症等疾病中起着重要作用。我们认为，通过采用共同的标准和方法来定义细胞静止，将加速细胞静止的研究。研究细胞静止的综合方法，并专注于单个细胞的行为，