Viticulture is one of the most pesticide‐intensive agricultures in Europe, leading to a spatiotemporal overlap of amphibian migration and pesticide applications. Because postmetamorphic, terrestrial amphibian stages are mostly neglected in ecotoxicological studies, we investigated acute effects of viticultural fungicides on juvenile common frogs (Rana temporaria). Tadpoles from an uncontaminated pond were placed in enclosures in 8 ponds with an increasing degree of pesticide contamination in southwest Germany to represent different aquatic exposure backgrounds. After metamorphosis, juveniles were exposed to soil contaminated with 50% of the recommended field rates of the fungicides Folpan^® 80 water dispersible granule (WDG) and Folpan^® 500 suspension concentrate with the same amount of folpet as active ingredient and differing additives. After 48 h, effects on the survival, body mass, and behavior were investigated. No effect of the aquatic exposure background on terrestrial sensitivity could be detected. Acute terrestrial exposure led to mean mortality rates of 14% (13–17%, suspension concentrate) and 60% (17–100%, WDG) and resulted in adverse effects on locomotor activity as well as feeding behavior. Moreover, the results suggest that the toxicity of the 2 tested folpet formulations depends on their additives. Because the identified effects may result in severe impairments and thus in declines of amphibian populations, a more protective risk assessment of pesticides is needed for postmetamorphic amphibians to ensure proper conservation of amphibian populations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1289–1297. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.

中文翻译：

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以实际田间施用率接触皮肤杀菌剂会对欧洲普通青蛙（林蛙）幼年产生致死和亚致死影响

葡萄栽培是欧洲农药最密集的农业之一，导致两栖动物迁徙和农药施用的时空重叠。因为在生态毒理学研究中大多忽略了后变态的陆生两栖动物阶段，我们研究了葡萄栽培杀菌剂对普通蛙（Rana temporaria）幼年的急性影响。来自未受污染池塘的蝌蚪被放置在 8 个池塘的围栏中，在德国西南部农药污染程度不断增加，以代表不同的水生暴露背景。变态后，幼鱼暴露在被杀真菌剂 Folpan ^® 80 水分散性颗粒 (WDG) 和 Folpan ^®推荐田间施用量的 50% 污染的土壤中500 悬浮液浓缩物，含有相同量的 folpet 作为活性成分和不同的添加剂。48 小时后，研究对存活、体重和行为的影响。没有检测到水生接触背景对陆地敏感性的影响。急性陆地暴露导致平均死亡率为 14%（13-17%，悬浮剂）和 60%（17-100%，WDG），并导致对运动活动和进食行为的不利影响。此外，结果表明 2 种测试的 folpet 配方的毒性取决于它们的添加剂。由于已确定的影响可能会导致严重的损害，从而导致两栖动物种群的减少，因此需要对变质后的两栖动物进行更具保护性的杀虫剂风险评估，以确保适当保护两栖动物种群。环境毒理学化学2021；40：1289-1297。© 2020 作者。环境毒理学和化学由 Wiley Periodicals LLC 代表 SETAC 出版。